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Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?
Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation stra...
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Published in: | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2021-10, Vol.102 (10), p.E1897-E1935 |
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creator | Dorigo, Wouter Dietrich, Stephan Aires, Filipe Brocca, Luca Carter, Sarah Cretaux, Jean-François Dunkerley, David Enomoto, Hiroyuki Forsberg, René Güntner, Andreas Hegglin, Michaela I. Hollmann, Rainer Hurst, Dale F. Johannessen, Johnny A. Kummerow, Christian Lee, Tong Luojus, Kari Looser, Ulrich Miralles, Diego G. Pellet, Victor Recknagel, Thomas Vargas, Claudia Ruz Schneider, Udo Schoeneich, Philippe Schröder, Marc Tapper, Nigel Vuglinsky, Valery Wagner, Wolfgang Yu, Lisan Zappa, Luca Zemp, Michael Aich, Valentin |
description | Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of essential climate variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor Earth’s climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, and resolution, to consistently characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model–data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0316.1 |
format | article |
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Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of essential climate variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor Earth’s climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, and resolution, to consistently characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model–data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-0007</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-0477</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0316.1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: American Meteorological Society</publisher><subject>Agricultural production ; Algorithms ; Anthropogenic factors ; Atmosphere ; Climate change ; Climate monitoring ; Climate system ; Cryosphere ; Drought ; Earth Sciences ; Extreme weather ; Freshwater ; Freshwater resources ; Glaciers ; Global climate ; Global warming ; Ground-based observation ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; Homogeneity ; Hydrologic cycle ; Hydrological cycle ; Hydrology ; Ice sheets ; Inland water environment ; Instruments ; Life on Earth ; Mitigation ; Observation techniques ; Precipitation ; Remote observing ; Remote sensing ; Rivers ; Runoff ; Sciences of the Universe ; Seawater ; Storms ; Surface water ; Trends ; Water availability ; Water budget ; Water resources ; Water shortages ; Water use ; Work platforms</subject><ispartof>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2021-10, Vol.102 (10), p.E1897-E1935</ispartof><rights>2021 American Meteorological Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society Oct 2021</rights><rights>Attribution</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c370t-862892353b6d6610c21fba1bf2e4f370cd8cf2dcde39cbd0193cf9827a96b5e43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c370t-862892353b6d6610c21fba1bf2e4f370cd8cf2dcde39cbd0193cf9827a96b5e43</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9080-260X ; 0000-0001-7704-6857 ; 0000-0002-0928-229X ; 0000-0002-9426-866X ; 0000-0002-0830-2690 ; 0000-0001-6996-0032</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27207695$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/27207695$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,58238,58471</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://insu.hal.science/insu-03671323$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dorigo, Wouter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dietrich, Stephan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aires, Filipe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brocca, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carter, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cretaux, Jean-François</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunkerley, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Enomoto, Hiroyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsberg, René</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Güntner, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hegglin, Michaela I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hollmann, Rainer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hurst, Dale F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johannessen, Johnny A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kummerow, Christian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Tong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luojus, Kari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Looser, Ulrich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miralles, Diego G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pellet, Victor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Recknagel, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vargas, Claudia Ruz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schneider, Udo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoeneich, Philippe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schröder, Marc</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tapper, Nigel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vuglinsky, Valery</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Wolfgang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Lisan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zappa, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zemp, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aich, Valentin</creatorcontrib><title>Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?</title><title>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</title><description>Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of essential climate variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor Earth’s climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, and resolution, to consistently characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model–data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales.</description><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Atmosphere</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Climate monitoring</subject><subject>Climate system</subject><subject>Cryosphere</subject><subject>Drought</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Extreme weather</subject><subject>Freshwater</subject><subject>Freshwater resources</subject><subject>Glaciers</subject><subject>Global climate</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Ground-based observation</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater recharge</subject><subject>Homogeneity</subject><subject>Hydrologic cycle</subject><subject>Hydrological cycle</subject><subject>Hydrology</subject><subject>Ice sheets</subject><subject>Inland water 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Stephan</au><au>Aires, Filipe</au><au>Brocca, Luca</au><au>Carter, Sarah</au><au>Cretaux, Jean-François</au><au>Dunkerley, David</au><au>Enomoto, Hiroyuki</au><au>Forsberg, René</au><au>Güntner, Andreas</au><au>Hegglin, Michaela I.</au><au>Hollmann, Rainer</au><au>Hurst, Dale F.</au><au>Johannessen, Johnny A.</au><au>Kummerow, Christian</au><au>Lee, Tong</au><au>Luojus, Kari</au><au>Looser, Ulrich</au><au>Miralles, Diego G.</au><au>Pellet, Victor</au><au>Recknagel, Thomas</au><au>Vargas, Claudia Ruz</au><au>Schneider, Udo</au><au>Schoeneich, Philippe</au><au>Schröder, Marc</au><au>Tapper, Nigel</au><au>Vuglinsky, Valery</au><au>Wagner, Wolfgang</au><au>Yu, Lisan</au><au>Zappa, Luca</au><au>Zemp, Michael</au><au>Aich, Valentin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand?</atitle><jtitle>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</jtitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>102</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>E1897</spage><epage>E1935</epage><pages>E1897-E1935</pages><issn>0003-0007</issn><eissn>1520-0477</eissn><abstract>Life on Earth vitally depends on the availability of water. Human pressure on freshwater resources is increasing, as is human exposure to weather-related extremes (droughts, storms, floods) caused by climate change. Understanding these changes is pivotal for developing mitigation and adaptation strategies. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) defines a suite of essential climate variables (ECVs), many related to the water cycle, required to systematically monitor Earth’s climate system. Since long-term observations of these ECVs are derived from different observation techniques, platforms, instruments, and retrieval algorithms, they often lack the accuracy, completeness, and resolution, to consistently characterize water cycle variability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the capability of ground-based and remotely sensed observations of water cycle ECVs to consistently observe the hydrological cycle. We evaluate the relevant land, atmosphere, and ocean water storages and the fluxes between them, including anthropogenic water use. Particularly, we assess how well they close on multiple temporal and spatial scales. On this basis, we discuss gaps in observation systems and formulate guidelines for future water cycle observation strategies. We conclude that, while long-term water cycle monitoring has greatly advanced in the past, many observational gaps still need to be overcome to close the water budget and enable a comprehensive and consistent assessment across scales. Trends in water cycle components can only be observed with great uncertainty, mainly due to insufficient length and homogeneity. An advanced closure of the water cycle requires improved model–data synthesis capabilities, particularly at regional to local scales.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0316.1</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-260X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-6857</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-229X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-866X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-2690</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6996-0032</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0003-0007 |
ispartof | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2021-10, Vol.102 (10), p.E1897-E1935 |
issn | 0003-0007 1520-0477 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_insu_03671323v1 |
source | Access via JSTOR |
subjects | Agricultural production Algorithms Anthropogenic factors Atmosphere Climate change Climate monitoring Climate system Cryosphere Drought Earth Sciences Extreme weather Freshwater Freshwater resources Glaciers Global climate Global warming Ground-based observation Groundwater Groundwater recharge Homogeneity Hydrologic cycle Hydrological cycle Hydrology Ice sheets Inland water environment Instruments Life on Earth Mitigation Observation techniques Precipitation Remote observing Remote sensing Rivers Runoff Sciences of the Universe Seawater Storms Surface water Trends Water availability Water budget Water resources Water shortages Water use Work platforms |
title | Closing the Water Cycle from Observations across Scales: Where Do We Stand? |
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