An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters

Systematic studies 1 – 4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs 5 ) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii r h of approximately 10–100 parsecs and stellar masses M *  ≈ 10 6 –10 8  solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems 6 . Although similar in app...

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Published in:Nature (London) 2023-11, Vol.623 (7986), p.296-300
Main Authors: Wang, Kaixiang, Peng, Eric W., Liu, Chengze, Mihos, J. Christopher, Côté, Patrick, Ferrarese, Laura, Taylor, Matthew A., Blakeslee, John P., Cuillandre, Jean-Charles, Duc, Pierre-Alain, Guhathakurta, Puragra, Gwyn, Stephen, Ko, Youkyung, Lançon, Ariane, Lim, Sungsoon, MacArthur, Lauren A., Puzia, Thomas, Roediger, Joel, Sales, Laura V., Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén, Spengler, Chelsea, Toloba, Elisa, Zhang, Hongxin, Zhu, Mingcheng
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Language:English
Subjects:
639/33/34/863
639/33/34/867
Compact galaxies
Dark matter
Dwarf galaxies
Evolution
Galactic clusters
Galaxies
Galaxy distribution
Humanities and Social Sciences
Morphology
multidisciplinary
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Sciences of the Universe
Space telescopes
Spatial distribution
Star & galaxy formation
Star clusters
Star formation
Stars
Stars & galaxies
Tidal effects
Virgo galactic cluster
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c387t-a523ab35b32e5432a5dd3f00e16ef44481d1d991f92f5951467293548bfd04ab3
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creator Wang, Kaixiang
Peng, Eric W.
Liu, Chengze
Mihos, J. Christopher
Côté, Patrick
Ferrarese, Laura
Taylor, Matthew A.
Blakeslee, John P.
Cuillandre, Jean-Charles
Duc, Pierre-Alain
Guhathakurta, Puragra
Gwyn, Stephen
Ko, Youkyung
Lançon, Ariane
Lim, Sungsoon
MacArthur, Lauren A.
Puzia, Thomas
Roediger, Joel
Sales, Laura V.
Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén
Spengler, Chelsea
Toloba, Elisa
Zhang, Hongxin
Zhu, Mingcheng
description Systematic studies 1 – 4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs 5 ) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii r h of approximately 10–100 parsecs and stellar masses M *  ≈ 10 6 –10 8  solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems 6 . Although similar in appearance to massive globular clusters 7 , the detection of extended stellar envelopes 4 , 8 , 9 , complex star formation histories 10 , elevated mass-to-light ratio 11 , 12 and supermassive black holes 13 – 16 suggest that some UCDs are remnant nuclear star clusters 17 of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies 18 , 19 , or even ancient compact galaxies 20 . However, only a few objects have been found in the transient stage of tidal stripping 21 , 22 , and this assumed evolutionary path 19 has never been fully traced by observations. Here we show that 106 galaxies in the Virgo cluster have morphologies that are intermediate between normal, nucleated dwarf galaxies and single-component UCDs, revealing a continuum that fully maps this morphological transition and fills the ‘size gap’ between star clusters and galaxies. Their spatial distribution and redder colour are also consistent with stripped satellite galaxies on their first few pericentric passages around massive galaxies 23 . The ‘ultra-diffuse’ tidal features around several of these galaxies directly show how UCDs are forming through tidal stripping and that this evolutionary path can include an early phase as a nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxy 24 , 25 . These UCDs represent substantial visible fossil remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies in galaxy clusters, and more low-mass remnants probably remain to be found.  In the Virgo galaxy cluster, we identified a continuum of objects that maps the morphological transition between nucleated dwarf galaxies and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs), providing evidence for the formation of UCDs through tidal stripping of ancient dwarf galaxies.
doi_str_mv 10.1038/s41586-023-06650-z
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Christopher</au><au>Côté, Patrick</au><au>Ferrarese, Laura</au><au>Taylor, Matthew A.</au><au>Blakeslee, John P.</au><au>Cuillandre, Jean-Charles</au><au>Duc, Pierre-Alain</au><au>Guhathakurta, Puragra</au><au>Gwyn, Stephen</au><au>Ko, Youkyung</au><au>Lançon, Ariane</au><au>Lim, Sungsoon</au><au>MacArthur, Lauren A.</au><au>Puzia, Thomas</au><au>Roediger, Joel</au><au>Sales, Laura V.</au><au>Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén</au><au>Spengler, Chelsea</au><au>Toloba, Elisa</au><au>Zhang, Hongxin</au><au>Zhu, Mingcheng</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters</atitle><jtitle>Nature (London)</jtitle><stitle>Nature</stitle><date>2023-11-09</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>623</volume><issue>7986</issue><spage>296</spage><epage>300</epage><pages>296-300</pages><issn>0028-0836</issn><eissn>1476-4687</eissn><abstract>Systematic studies 1 – 4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs 5 ) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii r h of approximately 10–100 parsecs and stellar masses M *  ≈ 10 6 –10 8  solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems 6 . Although similar in appearance to massive globular clusters 7 , the detection of extended stellar envelopes 4 , 8 , 9 , complex star formation histories 10 , elevated mass-to-light ratio 11 , 12 and supermassive black holes 13 – 16 suggest that some UCDs are remnant nuclear star clusters 17 of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies 18 , 19 , or even ancient compact galaxies 20 . However, only a few objects have been found in the transient stage of tidal stripping 21 , 22 , and this assumed evolutionary path 19 has never been fully traced by observations. Here we show that 106 galaxies in the Virgo cluster have morphologies that are intermediate between normal, nucleated dwarf galaxies and single-component UCDs, revealing a continuum that fully maps this morphological transition and fills the ‘size gap’ between star clusters and galaxies. Their spatial distribution and redder colour are also consistent with stripped satellite galaxies on their first few pericentric passages around massive galaxies 23 . The ‘ultra-diffuse’ tidal features around several of these galaxies directly show how UCDs are forming through tidal stripping and that this evolutionary path can include an early phase as a nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxy 24 , 25 . These UCDs represent substantial visible fossil remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies in galaxy clusters, and more low-mass remnants probably remain to be found.  In the Virgo galaxy cluster, we identified a continuum of objects that maps the morphological transition between nucleated dwarf galaxies and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs), providing evidence for the formation of UCDs through tidal stripping of ancient dwarf galaxies.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><doi>10.1038/s41586-023-06650-z</doi><tpages>5</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-4284</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-8497</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-2781</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3009-4928</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-720X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-3428</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-4234</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-6284</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 0028-0836
ispartof Nature (London), 2023-11, Vol.623 (7986), p.296-300
issn 0028-0836
1476-4687
language eng
recordid cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_insu_04295101v1
source Nature
subjects 639/33/34/863
639/33/34/867
Compact galaxies
Dark matter
Dwarf galaxies
Evolution
Galactic clusters
Galaxies
Galaxy distribution
Humanities and Social Sciences
Morphology
multidisciplinary
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Sciences of the Universe
Space telescopes
Spatial distribution
Star & galaxy formation
Star clusters
Star formation
Stars
Stars & galaxies
Tidal effects
Virgo galactic cluster
title An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters
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