Nonequilibrium Processes in the Solar Corona, Transition Region, Flares, and Solar Wind (Invited Review)

We review the presence and signatures of the non-equilibrium processes, both non-Maxwellian distributions and non-equilibrium ionization, in the solar transition region, corona, solar wind, and flares. Basic properties of the non-Maxwellian distributions are described together with their influence o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Solar physics 2017-08, Vol.292 (8), p.1, Article 100
Main Authors: Dudík, Jaroslav, Dzifčáková, Elena, Meyer-Vernet, Nicole, Del Zanna, Giulio, Young, Peter R., Giunta, Alessandra, Sylwester, Barbara, Sylwester, Janusz, Oka, Mitsuo, Mason, Helen E., Vocks, Christian, Matteini, Lorenzo, Krucker, Säm, Williams, David R., Mackovjak, Šimon
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Astroparticles
Atmospheric Sciences
Corona
Equilibrium
Heat flux
Instrumentation
Invited Review
Ionization
Nonequilibrium ionization
Physics
Physics and Astronomy
Remote sensing
Signatures
Solar corona
Solar flares
Solar physics
Solar transition region
Solar wind
Space Exploration and Astronautics
Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics
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Summary:We review the presence and signatures of the non-equilibrium processes, both non-Maxwellian distributions and non-equilibrium ionization, in the solar transition region, corona, solar wind, and flares. Basic properties of the non-Maxwellian distributions are described together with their influence on the heat flux as well as on the rates of individual collisional processes and the resulting optically thin synthetic spectra. Constraints on the presence of high-energy electrons from observations are reviewed, including positive detection of non-Maxwellian distributions in the solar corona, transition region, flares, and wind. Occurrence of non-equilibrium ionization is reviewed as well, especially in connection to hydrodynamic and generalized collisional-radiative modeling. Predicted spectroscopic signatures of non-equilibrium ionization depending on the assumed plasma conditions are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future remote-sensing instrumentation that can be used for the detection of these non-equilibrium phenomena in various spectral ranges.
ISSN:0038-0938
1573-093X
DOI:10.1007/s11207-017-1125-0