Radiation Patterns of RF Wireless Devices Implanted in Small Animals: Unexpected Deformations Due to Body Resonance

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems 2024-02, Vol.18 (1), p.27-38
• Main Authors: Gao, Mingxiang, Rosenthal, James D., Wu, Kangling, Ramirez, German A., Sipus, Zvonimir, Lacour, Stephanie P., Skrivervik, Anja K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal models; Animals; Antenna measurements; Antenna radiation patterns; Antennas; Bioelectricity; Body size; Cadavers; Dielectrics; Dipole antennas; Directivity; Directivity pattern; Electromagnetic radiation; electromagnetic resonance; Far fields; implanted antennas; Implants; Mice; Phantoms, Imaging; Prostheses and Implants; Radiation; Radiation measurement; Radio antennas; Resonators; small animals; spherical wave expansion; Tissues; Wireless communication; Wireless Technology
• ISSN: 1932-4545; 1940-9990
• DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2023.3300649

One challenge in designing RF wireless bioelectronic devices is the impact of the interaction between electromagnetic waves and host body tissues on far-field wireless performance. In this article, we investigate a peculiar phenomenon of implantable RF wireless devices within a small-scale host body related to the deformation of the directivity pattern. Radiation measurements of subcutaneously implanted antennas within rodent cadavers show that the direction of maximum radiation is not always identical with the direction to the closest body-air interface, as one would expect in larger-scale host bodies. For an implanted antenna in the back of a mouse, we observed the maximum directivity in the ventral direction with 4.6 dB greater gain compared to the nearest body-air interface direction. Analytic analysis within small-scale spherical body phantoms identifies two main factors for these results: the limited absorption losses due to the small body size relative to the operating wavelength and the high permittivity of the biological tissues of the host body. Due to these effects, the entire body acts as a dielectric resonator antenna, leading to deformations of the directivity pattern. These results are confirmed with the practical example of a wirelessly powered 2.4-GHz optogenetic implant, demonstrating the significance of the judicious placement of external antennas to take advantage of the deformation of the implanted antenna pattern. These findings emphasize the importance of carefully designing implantable RF wireless devices based on their placements and relative electrical dimensions in small-scale animal models.