Covariance Estimation in Decomposable Gaussian Graphical Models

• Published in: IEEE transactions on signal processing 2010-03, Vol.58 (3), p.1482-1492
• Main Authors: Wiesel, A., Eldar, Y.C., Hero, A.O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ambient intelligence; Applied sciences; Array signal processing; Closed-form solution; Complexity; Computational complexity; Covariance; Covariance estimation; Covariance matrix; Decomposition; Estimators; Exact sciences and technology; Exact solutions; Gaussian; Gaussian distribution; Graphical models; Information, signal and communications theory; Markov analysis; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical models; Maximum likelihood estimation; minimum variance unbiased estimation; Miscellaneous; Parameter estimation; Signal processing; Signal processing algorithms; Studies; Telecommunications and information theory
• ISSN: 1053-587X; 1941-0476
• DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2009.2037350

Graphical models are a framework for representing and exploiting prior conditional independence structures within distributions using graphs. In the Gaussian case, these models are directly related to the sparsity of the inverse covariance (concentration) matrix and allow for improved covariance estimation with lower computational complexity. We consider concentration estimation with the mean-squared error (MSE) as the objective, in a special type of model known as decomposable. This model includes, for example, the well known banded structure and other cases encountered in practice. Our first contribution is the derivation and analysis of the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) in decomposable graphical models. We provide a simple closed form solution to the MVUE and compare it with the classical maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) in terms of performance and complexity. Next, we extend the celebrated Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE) to graphical models. Using SURE, we prove that the MSE of the MVUE is always smaller or equal to that of the biased MLE, and that the MVUE itself is dominated by other approaches. In addition, we propose the use of SURE as a constructive mechanism for deriving new covariance estimators. Similarly to the classical MLE, all of our proposed estimators have simple closed form solutions but result in a significant reduction in MSE.