Digital Image Authentication From JPEG Headers

It is often desirable to determine if an image has been modified in any way from its original recording. The JPEG format affords engineers many implementation trade-offs which give rise to widely varying JPEG headers. We exploit these variations for image authentication. A camera signature is extrac...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on information forensics and security 2011-09, Vol.6 (3), p.1066-1075
Main Authors: Kee, E., Johnson, M. K., Farid, H.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Authentication
Cameras
Digital
Digital forensics
digital tampering
Discrete cosine transforms
Format
Headers
Image compression
Image resolution
JPEG encoders-decoders
Quantization
Signatures
Software
Transform coding
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Summary:It is often desirable to determine if an image has been modified in any way from its original recording. The JPEG format affords engineers many implementation trade-offs which give rise to widely varying JPEG headers. We exploit these variations for image authentication. A camera signature is extracted from a JPEG image consisting of information about quantization tables, Huffman codes, thumbnails, and exchangeable image file format (EXIF). We show that this signature is highly distinct across 1.3 million images spanning 773 different cameras and cell phones. Specifically, 62% of images have a signature that is unique to a single camera, 80% of images have a signature that is shared by three or fewer cameras, and 99% of images have a signature that is unique to a single manufacturer. The signature of Adobe Photoshop is also shown to be unique relative to all 773 cameras. These signatures are simple to extract and offer an efficient method to establish the authenticity of a digital image.
ISSN:1556-6013
1556-6021
DOI:10.1109/TIFS.2011.2128309