Localization of RFID Tags by a Moving Robot, via Phase Unwrapping and Non-Linear Optimization

• Published in: IEEE journal of radio frequency identification (Online) 2019-12, Vol.3 (4), p.216-226
• Main Authors: Tzitzis, Anastasios, Megalou, Spyros, Siachalou, Stavroula, Emmanouil, Tsardoulias G., Kehagias, Athanasios, Yioultsis, Traianos V., Dimitriou, Antonis G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Backscattering; localization; Localization method; Mapping; Methods; Optimization; Phase unwrapping; Radio frequency identification; Radiofrequency identification; RFID; Robot kinematics; Robot localization; robotics; Robots; Simultaneous localization and mapping; SLAM; Tags
• ISSN: 2469-7281; 2469-7281; 2469-729X
• DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2019.2936969

In this paper, we propose a new method for the localization of RFID tags, by deploying off-the-shelf RFID equipment on a robotic platform. The constructed robot is capable to perform Simultaneous Localization (of its own position) and Mapping (SLAM) of the environment and then locate the RFID tags around its path. The proposed method is based on properly treating the measured phase of the backscattered signal by each tag at the reader's antenna, located on top of the robot. More specifically, the measured phase samples are reconstructed, such that the 2π discontinuities are eliminated (phase-unwrapping). This allows for the formation of an optimization problem, which can be solved rapidly by standard methods. The proposed method is experimentally compared against the SAR/imaging methods, which represent the accuracy benchmark in prior-art, deploying off-the-shelf equipment. It is shown that the proposed method solves exactly the same problem as holographic-imaging methods, overcoming the grid-density constraints of the latter. Furthermore, the problem, being calculations-grid-independent, is solved orders of magnitude faster, allowing for the applicability of the method in real-time inventorying and localization. It is also shown that the state-of-the-art SLAM method, which is used for the estimation of the trace of the robot, also suffers from errors, which directly affect the accuracy of the RFID localization method. Deployment of reference RFID tags at known positions, seems to significantly reduce such errors.