Rectified Softmax Loss With All-Sided Cost Sensitivity for Age Estimation

• Published in: IEEE access 2020, Vol.8, p.32551-32563
• Main Authors: Li, Daxiang, Ma, Xuan, Ren, Yaqiong, Teng, Shyh-Wei
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Active appearance model; Age; Age estimation; Aging; Algorithms; Artificial neural networks; Back propagation networks; Chronology; cost sensitivity; Error functions; Estimation; Face; Sensitivity; softmax loss; Training
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964281

In Convolutional Neural Network (ConvNet) based age estimation algorithms, softmax loss is usually chosen as the loss function directly, and the problems of Cost Sensitivity (CS), such as class imbalance and misclassification cost difference between different classes, are not considered. Focus on these problems, this paper constructs a rectified softmax loss function with all-sided CS, and proposes a novel cost-sensitive ConvNet based age estimation algorithm. Firstly, a loss function is established for each age category to solve the imbalance of the number of training samples. Then, a cost matrix is defined to reflect the cost difference caused by misclassification between different classes, thus constructing a new cost-sensitive error function. Finally, the above methods are merged to construct a rectified softmax loss function for ConvNet model, and a corresponding Back Propagation (BP) training scheme is designed to enable ConvNet network to learn robust face representation for age estimation during the training phase. Simultaneously, the rectified softmax loss is theoretically proved that it satisfies the general conditions of the loss function used for classification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experiments on face image datasets of different races.