Extending the Morphological Hit-or-Miss Transform to Deep Neural Networks

• Published in: IEEE transaction on neural networks and learning systems 2021-11, Vol.32 (11), p.4826-4838
• Main Authors: Islam, Muhammad Aminul, Murray, Bryce, Buck, Andrew, Anderson, Derek T., Scott, Grant J., Popescu, Mihail, Keller, James
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial neural networks; Benchmarks; Convolution; convolutional neural network (CNN); Convolutional neural networks; Deep learning; Deep Learning - trends; Gray-scale; hit-or-miss transform; Humans; Machine learning; Morphology; Neural networks; Neural Networks, Computer; Optimization; Pattern analysis; Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods; Pattern Recognition, Automated - trends; Target detection; Transforms
• ISSN: 2162-237X; 2162-2388
• DOI: 10.1109/TNNLS.2020.3025723

While most deep learning architectures are built on convolution, alternative foundations such as morphology are being explored for purposes such as interpretability and its connection to the analysis and processing of geometric structures. The morphological hit-or-miss operation has the advantage that it considers both foreground information and background information when evaluating the target shape in an image. In this article, we identify limitations in the existing hit-or-miss neural definitions and formulate an optimization problem to learn the transform relative to deeper architectures. To this end, we model the semantically important condition that the intersection of the hit and miss structuring elements (SEs) should be empty and present a way to express Don't Care (DNC), which is important for denoting regions of an SE that are not relevant to detecting a target pattern. Our analysis shows that convolution, in fact, acts like a hit-to-miss transform through semantic interpretation of its filter differences. On these premises, we introduce an extension that outperforms conventional convolution on benchmark data. Quantitative experiments are provided on synthetic and benchmark data, showing that the direct encoding hit-or-miss transform provides better interpretability on learned shapes consistent with objects, whereas our morphologically inspired generalized convolution yields higher classification accuracy. Finally, qualitative hit and miss filter visualizations are provided relative to single morphological layer.