Qualification of 3-D Printed Mortar With Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3-D printing of concrete allows for construction of arbitrary shape structures without a mold. Since reproducibility of 3-D printed concrete is lower than that of conventional fabrication, each 3-D printed structure should be monitored for proper curing. Conventional q...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement 2021-01, Vol.70, p.1-8
Main Authors: Heifetz, Alexander, Shribak, Dmitry, Bakhtiari, Sasan, Aranson, Igor S., Bentivegna, Anthony F.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Building materials
Compressive strength
Concrete
Concrete construction
Concrete structures
Conductivity
Conductivity measurement
Curing
Electrical resistivity
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
ENGINEERING
material manufacturing
Material properties
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Mortar
Mortars (material)
Nondestructive testing
Rough surfaces
Surface roughness
Three dimensional printing
Three-dimensional displays
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Summary:Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3-D printing of concrete allows for construction of arbitrary shape structures without a mold. Since reproducibility of 3-D printed concrete is lower than that of conventional fabrication, each 3-D printed structure should be monitored for proper curing. Conventional qualification of concrete is based on several tests, including destructive compressive strength measurements. Because a structure is 3-D printed layer-by-layer, the surfaces of AM concrete structures have significant surface roughness. This limits the applicability of conventional nondestructive testing methods. We investigated qualification of 3-D printed mortar by monitoring curing with nondestructive electrical conductivity measurements. Bulk resistance of concrete was extracted from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements made using custom flexible self-adhesive electrodes, which contour to rough surfaces. We show that bulk resistivity of concrete increases linearly with time. This allows for developing a calibration curve for compressive strength lookup from nondestructive electrical conductivity measurements. Conductivity measurements also allow for estimation of formation factor, which is an indicator of mortar permeability.
ISSN:0018-9456
1557-9662
DOI:10.1109/TIM.2021.3067222