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Accelerated 2D Real-Time Refraction-Corrected Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging
In a recent study, we proposed a technique to correct aberration caused by the skull and reconstruct a transcranial B-mode image with a refraction-corrected synthetic aperture imaging scheme. Given a sound speed map, the arrival times were calculated using a fast marching technique (FMT), which solv...
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Published in: | IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control ferroelectrics, and frequency control, 2022, p.1-1 |
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creator | Mozaffarzadeh, Moein Verschuur, Eric Verweij, Martin D. De Jong, Nico Renaud, Guillaume |
description | In a recent study, we proposed a technique to correct aberration caused by the skull and reconstruct a transcranial B-mode image with a refraction-corrected synthetic aperture imaging scheme. Given a sound speed map, the arrival times were calculated using a fast marching technique (FMT), which solves the Eikonal equation and therefore is computationally expensive for real-time imaging. In this paper, we introduce a two-point ray tracing method, based on Fermat's principle, for fast calculation of the travel times in the presence of a layered aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe. The ray tracing method along with the reconstruction technique are implemented on a graphical processing unite (GPU). The point spread function (PSF) in a wire phantom image reconstructed with the FMT and the GPU-implementation was studied with numerical synthetic data and experiments with a bone-mimicking plate and a sagittally-cut human skull. The numerical analysis showed that the error on travel-times is less than 10% of the ultrasound temporal period at 2.5MHz. As a result, the lateral resolution was not significantly degraded compared with images reconstructed with FMT-calculated travel times. The results using the synthetic, bone-mimicking plate and skull dataset showed that the GPU-implementation causes a lateral/axial localization error of 0.10/0.20 mm, 0.15/0.13 mm and 0.26/0.32 mm compared to a reference measurement (no aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe), respectively. For an imaging depth of 70 mm, the proposed GPU-implementation allows reconstructing 19 frames per second with full synthetic aperture (96 transmission events) and 32 frames per second with multi-angle plane wave imaging schemes (with 11 steering angles) for a pixel size of 200 μm. Finally refraction-corrected power Doppler imaging is demonstrated with a string phantom and a bone-mimicking plate placed between the probe and the moving string. The proposed approach achieves a suitable frame rate for clinical scanning while maintaining the image quality. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1109/TUFFC.2022.3189600 |
format | article |
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Given a sound speed map, the arrival times were calculated using a fast marching technique (FMT), which solves the Eikonal equation and therefore is computationally expensive for real-time imaging. In this paper, we introduce a two-point ray tracing method, based on Fermat's principle, for fast calculation of the travel times in the presence of a layered aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe. The ray tracing method along with the reconstruction technique are implemented on a graphical processing unite (GPU). The point spread function (PSF) in a wire phantom image reconstructed with the FMT and the GPU-implementation was studied with numerical synthetic data and experiments with a bone-mimicking plate and a sagittally-cut human skull. The numerical analysis showed that the error on travel-times is less than 10% of the ultrasound temporal period at 2.5MHz. As a result, the lateral resolution was not significantly degraded compared with images reconstructed with FMT-calculated travel times. The results using the synthetic, bone-mimicking plate and skull dataset showed that the GPU-implementation causes a lateral/axial localization error of 0.10/0.20 mm, 0.15/0.13 mm and 0.26/0.32 mm compared to a reference measurement (no aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe), respectively. For an imaging depth of 70 mm, the proposed GPU-implementation allows reconstructing 19 frames per second with full synthetic aperture (96 transmission events) and 32 frames per second with multi-angle plane wave imaging schemes (with 11 steering angles) for a pixel size of 200 μm. Finally refraction-corrected power Doppler imaging is demonstrated with a string phantom and a bone-mimicking plate placed between the probe and the moving string. 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Given a sound speed map, the arrival times were calculated using a fast marching technique (FMT), which solves the Eikonal equation and therefore is computationally expensive for real-time imaging. In this paper, we introduce a two-point ray tracing method, based on Fermat's principle, for fast calculation of the travel times in the presence of a layered aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe. The ray tracing method along with the reconstruction technique are implemented on a graphical processing unite (GPU). The point spread function (PSF) in a wire phantom image reconstructed with the FMT and the GPU-implementation was studied with numerical synthetic data and experiments with a bone-mimicking plate and a sagittally-cut human skull. The numerical analysis showed that the error on travel-times is less than 10% of the ultrasound temporal period at 2.5MHz. As a result, the lateral resolution was not significantly degraded compared with images reconstructed with FMT-calculated travel times. The results using the synthetic, bone-mimicking plate and skull dataset showed that the GPU-implementation causes a lateral/axial localization error of 0.10/0.20 mm, 0.15/0.13 mm and 0.26/0.32 mm compared to a reference measurement (no aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe), respectively. For an imaging depth of 70 mm, the proposed GPU-implementation allows reconstructing 19 frames per second with full synthetic aperture (96 transmission events) and 32 frames per second with multi-angle plane wave imaging schemes (with 11 steering angles) for a pixel size of 200 μm. Finally refraction-corrected power Doppler imaging is demonstrated with a string phantom and a bone-mimicking plate placed between the probe and the moving string. The proposed approach achieves a suitable frame rate for clinical scanning while maintaining the image quality.</description><subject>Adaptive beamforming</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Graphical processing unite</subject><subject>Image reconstruction</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Phase aberration correction</subject><subject>Ray tracing</subject><subject>Skull</subject><subject>Surface reconstruction</subject><subject>Temporal bone</subject><subject>Transcranial ultrasound imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><issn>0885-3010</issn><issn>1525-8955</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9istOwzAQRUcIRMPjB2CTH3CYsWNqL1EgKgs2KF1XI3daGTkJssOCv6dIrNncc6RzAe4IGyL0D8O277tGo9aNIecfEc-gIqutct7ac6jQOasMEq7gqpQPRGpbry9hZezar42mCt6eQpAkmRfZ1_q5fhdOaoijnOyQOSxxnlQ35yzh9zFknko4TeRUb9OSucxf075-HfkYp-MNXBw4Fbn94zXc9y9Dt1FRRHafOY6cv3fekfetNv_XH4v1QFQ</recordid><startdate>2022</startdate><enddate>2022</enddate><creator>Mozaffarzadeh, Moein</creator><creator>Verschuur, Eric</creator><creator>Verweij, Martin D.</creator><creator>De Jong, Nico</creator><creator>Renaud, Guillaume</creator><general>IEEE</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6666-1114</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-0099</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0374-9351</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6397-7930</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-7218</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2022</creationdate><title>Accelerated 2D Real-Time Refraction-Corrected Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging</title><author>Mozaffarzadeh, Moein ; Verschuur, Eric ; Verweij, Martin D. ; De Jong, Nico ; Renaud, Guillaume</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-ieee_primary_98199423</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Adaptive beamforming</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Graphical processing unite</topic><topic>Image reconstruction</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Phase aberration correction</topic><topic>Ray tracing</topic><topic>Skull</topic><topic>Surface reconstruction</topic><topic>Temporal bone</topic><topic>Transcranial ultrasound imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mozaffarzadeh, Moein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verschuur, Eric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verweij, Martin D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Jong, Nico</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Renaud, Guillaume</creatorcontrib><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present</collection><collection>IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present</collection><collection>IEEE Electronic Library Online</collection><jtitle>IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mozaffarzadeh, Moein</au><au>Verschuur, Eric</au><au>Verweij, Martin D.</au><au>De Jong, Nico</au><au>Renaud, Guillaume</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Accelerated 2D Real-Time Refraction-Corrected Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging</atitle><jtitle>IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control</jtitle><stitle>T-UFFC</stitle><date>2022</date><risdate>2022</risdate><spage>1</spage><epage>1</epage><pages>1-1</pages><issn>0885-3010</issn><eissn>1525-8955</eissn><coden>ITUCER</coden><abstract>In a recent study, we proposed a technique to correct aberration caused by the skull and reconstruct a transcranial B-mode image with a refraction-corrected synthetic aperture imaging scheme. Given a sound speed map, the arrival times were calculated using a fast marching technique (FMT), which solves the Eikonal equation and therefore is computationally expensive for real-time imaging. In this paper, we introduce a two-point ray tracing method, based on Fermat's principle, for fast calculation of the travel times in the presence of a layered aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe. The ray tracing method along with the reconstruction technique are implemented on a graphical processing unite (GPU). The point spread function (PSF) in a wire phantom image reconstructed with the FMT and the GPU-implementation was studied with numerical synthetic data and experiments with a bone-mimicking plate and a sagittally-cut human skull. The numerical analysis showed that the error on travel-times is less than 10% of the ultrasound temporal period at 2.5MHz. As a result, the lateral resolution was not significantly degraded compared with images reconstructed with FMT-calculated travel times. The results using the synthetic, bone-mimicking plate and skull dataset showed that the GPU-implementation causes a lateral/axial localization error of 0.10/0.20 mm, 0.15/0.13 mm and 0.26/0.32 mm compared to a reference measurement (no aberrator in front of the ultrasound probe), respectively. For an imaging depth of 70 mm, the proposed GPU-implementation allows reconstructing 19 frames per second with full synthetic aperture (96 transmission events) and 32 frames per second with multi-angle plane wave imaging schemes (with 11 steering angles) for a pixel size of 200 μm. Finally refraction-corrected power Doppler imaging is demonstrated with a string phantom and a bone-mimicking plate placed between the probe and the moving string. 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subjects | Adaptive beamforming Bones Graphical processing unite Image reconstruction Imaging Phase aberration correction Ray tracing Skull Surface reconstruction Temporal bone Transcranial ultrasound imaging Ultrasonic imaging |
title | Accelerated 2D Real-Time Refraction-Corrected Transcranial Ultrasound Imaging |
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