Gallstone Prevalence in Relation to Smoking, Alcohol, Coffee Consumption, and Nutrition: The Ulm Gallstone Study

Background: Besides considering well-known risk factors for the development of gallbladder stones, such as age, sex, fecundity, and hereditary predisposition, efforts at prevention have focused increasingly on other factors, such as nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine consumption, as well as general nut...

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Published in:Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 1997, Vol.32 (9), p.953-958
Main Authors: Kratzer, W., Kächele, V., Mason, R. A., Muche, R., Hay, B., Wiesneth, M., Hill, V., Beckh, K., Adler, G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aged
Alcohol
Alcohol Drinking
Biological and medical sciences
caffeine
Cholelithiasis - diagnostic imaging
Cholelithiasis - epidemiology
Coffee
Female
gallbladder stones
Gastroenterology. Liver. Pancreas. Abdomen
Humans
Life Style
Liver. Biliary tract. Portal circulation. Exocrine pancreas
Male
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
nicotine
nutrition
Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Other diseases. Semiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Smoking
Ultrasonography
ultrasound
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Summary:Background: Besides considering well-known risk factors for the development of gallbladder stones, such as age, sex, fecundity, and hereditary predisposition, efforts at prevention have focused increasingly on other factors, such as nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine consumption, as well as general nutrition, which may be modified. Methods: A total of 1116 blood donors were examined between April 1994 and February 1995 in the central blood bank of the German Red Cross in Ulm, Germany. Each subject received a questionnaire and underwent to an upper abdominal ultrasound examination. Results: Gallbladder stone disease (current cholecystolithiasis and history of cholecystectomy) was detected in 5.8% of the men and 6.3% of the women. Neither regularity nor number of daily meals correlated with the frequency of gallstone disease. Vegetarians (n = 48), as a group, were not found to have gallstones. In relation to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine, a slightly higher prevalence of cholecystolithiasis was found only in heavy drinkers of coffee (P= 0.051; odds ratio (OR), 1.083; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.999, 1.174). Conclusion: Results of the present study do not show a definite relationship between nutritional factors and the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine and an increased prevalence of gallbladder stone disease.
ISSN:0036-5521
1502-7708
DOI:10.3109/00365529709011208