Investigation and conservation of Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen's wax models

The Danish sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen (1863-1945) often prepared three-dimensional models in wax before producing her works of art. The Carl Nielsen Museum in Odense keeps a unique collection of around 200 of the artist's fragile wax models. In 2008 the entire collection was examined, doc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Studies in conservation 2015-03, Vol.60 (2), p.97-106
Main Authors: Gramtorp, Dorte, Botfeldt, Knud, Glastrup, Jens, Simonsen, Kim Pilkjær
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Beeswax
Chemical analysis
Conservation restoration
Copper corrosion
Infrared spectroscopy
Optical microscopy
Original research or treatment paper
Wax models
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Summary:The Danish sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen (1863-1945) often prepared three-dimensional models in wax before producing her works of art. The Carl Nielsen Museum in Odense keeps a unique collection of around 200 of the artist's fragile wax models. In 2008 the entire collection was examined, documented, X-ray radiographed, photographed, and conserved. Analyses of five figurines by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed two different kinds of wax mixtures, one containing beeswax and potato or maize starch as filler, and the other consisting of gypsum, zinc stearate, and a greasy substance. During the examination a specific deterioration phenomenon was noticed in the areas where the wax models had been strengthened with internal metal armatures. A chemical reaction between the wax mixture and the copper containing armature has caused an intense greenish colouring of the wax as well as creating a soft and almost liquid consistency and formation of copper(II) carboxylate salts. Based on an original recipe from Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen, a replica of one of the wax mixtures was produced and examined with respect to its infrared spectrum and its modelling properties.
ISSN:0039-3630
2047-0584
DOI:10.1179/2047058413Y.0000000111