CROSSROADS—Identifying Viable “Need–Solution Pairs”: Problem Solving Without Problem Formulation

• Published in: Organization science (Providence, R.I.) R.I.), 2016-01, Vol.27 (1), p.207-221
• Main Authors: von Hippel, Eric, von Krogh, Georg
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: decision making and theory of the firm; Discovery; economics and organization; information transfer costs; innovation; knowledge production; managerial and organizational cognition; Needs analysis; organization and management theory; organizational economics; Problem solving; Studies; Viability
• ISSN: 1047-7039; 1526-5455
• DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2015.1023

Problem-solving research and formal problem-solving practice begin with the assumption that a problem has been identified or formulated for solving. The problem-solving process then involves a search for a satisfactory or optimal solution to that problem. In contrast, we propose that, in informal problem solving, a need and a solution are often discovered together and tested for viability as a “need–solution pair.” For example, one may serendipitously discover a new solution and assess it to be worth adopting although the “problem” it would address had not previously been in mind as an object of search or even awareness. In such a case, problem identification and formulation, if done at all, come only after the discovery of the need–solution pair. We propose the identification of need–solution pairs as an approach to problem solving in which problem formulation is not required. We argue that discovery of viable need–solution pairs without problem formulation may have advantages over problem-initiated problem-solving methods under some conditions. First, it removes the often considerable costs associated with problem formulation. Second, it eliminates the constraints on possible solutions that any problem formulation will inevitably apply.