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Discovery of Line Pressure Broadening and Direct Constraint on Gas Surface Density in a Protoplanetary Disk
The gas surface density profile of protoplanetary disks is one of the most fundamental physical properties to understanding planet formation. However, it is challenging to determine the surface density profile observationally, because the H 2 emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. W...
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Published in: | Astrophysical journal. Letters 2022-09, Vol.937 (1), p.L14 |
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creator | Yoshida, Tomohiro C. Nomura, Hideko Tsukagoshi, Takashi Furuya, Kenji Ueda, Takahiro |
description | The gas surface density profile of protoplanetary disks is one of the most fundamental physical properties to understanding planet formation. However, it is challenging to determine the surface density profile observationally, because the H
2
emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. We analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the
12
CO
J
= 3 − 2 line toward the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya and discovered extremely broad line wings due to the pressure broadening. In conjunction with a previously reported optically thin CO isotopologue line, the pressure broadened line wings enabled us to directly determine the midplane gas density for the first time. The gas surface density at ∼5 au from the central star reaches ∼10
3
g cm
−2
, which suggests that the inner region of the disk has enough mass to form a Jupiter-mass planet. Additionally, the gas surface density drops at the inner cavity by ∼2 orders of magnitude compared to outside the cavity. We also found a low CO abundance of ∼10
−6
with respect to H
2
, even inside the CO snow line, which suggests conversion of CO to less volatile species. Combining our results with previous studies, the gas surface density jumps at
r
∼ 20 au, suggesting that the inner region (3 <
r
< 20 au) might be the magnetorotational instability dead zone. This study sheds light on the direct gas surface density constraint without assuming the CO/H
2
ratio using ALMA. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3847/2041-8213/ac903a |
format | article |
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2
emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. We analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the
12
CO
J
= 3 − 2 line toward the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya and discovered extremely broad line wings due to the pressure broadening. In conjunction with a previously reported optically thin CO isotopologue line, the pressure broadened line wings enabled us to directly determine the midplane gas density for the first time. The gas surface density at ∼5 au from the central star reaches ∼10
3
g cm
−2
, which suggests that the inner region of the disk has enough mass to form a Jupiter-mass planet. Additionally, the gas surface density drops at the inner cavity by ∼2 orders of magnitude compared to outside the cavity. We also found a low CO abundance of ∼10
−6
with respect to H
2
, even inside the CO snow line, which suggests conversion of CO to less volatile species. Combining our results with previous studies, the gas surface density jumps at
r
∼ 20 au, suggesting that the inner region (3 <
r
< 20 au) might be the magnetorotational instability dead zone. This study sheds light on the direct gas surface density constraint without assuming the CO/H
2
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2
emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. We analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the
12
CO
J
= 3 − 2 line toward the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya and discovered extremely broad line wings due to the pressure broadening. In conjunction with a previously reported optically thin CO isotopologue line, the pressure broadened line wings enabled us to directly determine the midplane gas density for the first time. The gas surface density at ∼5 au from the central star reaches ∼10
3
g cm
−2
, which suggests that the inner region of the disk has enough mass to form a Jupiter-mass planet. Additionally, the gas surface density drops at the inner cavity by ∼2 orders of magnitude compared to outside the cavity. We also found a low CO abundance of ∼10
−6
with respect to H
2
, even inside the CO snow line, which suggests conversion of CO to less volatile species. Combining our results with previous studies, the gas surface density jumps at
r
∼ 20 au, suggesting that the inner region (3 <
r
< 20 au) might be the magnetorotational instability dead zone. This study sheds light on the direct gas surface density constraint without assuming the CO/H
2
ratio using ALMA.</description><subject>Accretion disks</subject><subject>Astrochemistry</subject><subject>Carbon monoxide</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Extrasolar planets</subject><subject>Gas density</subject><subject>Gas giant planets</subject><subject>Jupiter</subject><subject>Low temperature</subject><subject>Magnetic fields</subject><subject>Physical properties</subject><subject>Planet formation</subject><subject>Planets</subject><subject>Pressure broadening</subject><subject>Protoplanetary disks</subject><subject>Radio telescopes</subject><subject>Snow line</subject><subject>Temperature regions</subject><issn>2041-8205</issn><issn>2041-8213</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM1LAzEQxYMoWKt3jwHBk7XJJrvZPWqrVVhQUM8hmw9JW5M1yQr9702p1It4mRmGN-8NPwDOMbomNWXTAlE8qQtMpkI2iIgDMNqvDvczKo_BSYxLhApU4XoEVnMbpf_SYQO9ga11Gj4HHeMQNLwNXijtrHuHwik4t0HLBGfexRSEdQl6BxciwpchGCE1nGsXbdpA66DILj75fi2cTiKb55jVKTgyYh312U8fg7f7u9fZw6R9WjzObtqJpJSlXIVpaEWorLFSJZGUkJKauuhQrSjrSCNkh3RpuqKqqW6YQBXCVae0roxqDBmDi51vH_znoGPiSz8ElyN5wTBDjBFGsgrtVDL4GIM2vA_2I__KMeJbpHzLjG_58R3SfHK1O7G-__X8R375h1z0yzVvCOOYt5jyXhnyDQauhUs</recordid><startdate>20220901</startdate><enddate>20220901</enddate><creator>Yoshida, Tomohiro C.</creator><creator>Nomura, Hideko</creator><creator>Tsukagoshi, Takashi</creator><creator>Furuya, Kenji</creator><creator>Ueda, Takahiro</creator><general>The American Astronomical Society</general><general>IOP Publishing</general><scope>O3W</scope><scope>TSCCA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-222X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-7682</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-2892</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-8473</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-8157</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220901</creationdate><title>Discovery of Line Pressure Broadening and Direct Constraint on Gas Surface Density in a Protoplanetary Disk</title><author>Yoshida, Tomohiro C. ; Nomura, Hideko ; Tsukagoshi, Takashi ; Furuya, Kenji ; Ueda, Takahiro</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c447t-c4af94634c81dd53c43354f82b08d47b39acb0e5fb2684e97a06016bdee6fd9f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Accretion disks</topic><topic>Astrochemistry</topic><topic>Carbon monoxide</topic><topic>Emission analysis</topic><topic>Extrasolar planets</topic><topic>Gas density</topic><topic>Gas giant planets</topic><topic>Jupiter</topic><topic>Low temperature</topic><topic>Magnetic fields</topic><topic>Physical properties</topic><topic>Planet formation</topic><topic>Planets</topic><topic>Pressure broadening</topic><topic>Protoplanetary disks</topic><topic>Radio telescopes</topic><topic>Snow line</topic><topic>Temperature regions</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yoshida, Tomohiro C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nomura, Hideko</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsukagoshi, Takashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Furuya, Kenji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ueda, Takahiro</creatorcontrib><collection>Open Access: IOP Publishing Free Content</collection><collection>IOPscience (Open Access)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Astrophysical journal. Letters</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yoshida, Tomohiro C.</au><au>Nomura, Hideko</au><au>Tsukagoshi, Takashi</au><au>Furuya, Kenji</au><au>Ueda, Takahiro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Discovery of Line Pressure Broadening and Direct Constraint on Gas Surface Density in a Protoplanetary Disk</atitle><jtitle>Astrophysical journal. Letters</jtitle><stitle>APJL</stitle><addtitle>Astrophys. J. Lett</addtitle><date>2022-09-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>937</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>L14</spage><pages>L14-</pages><issn>2041-8205</issn><eissn>2041-8213</eissn><abstract>The gas surface density profile of protoplanetary disks is one of the most fundamental physical properties to understanding planet formation. However, it is challenging to determine the surface density profile observationally, because the H
2
emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. We analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the
12
CO
J
= 3 − 2 line toward the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya and discovered extremely broad line wings due to the pressure broadening. In conjunction with a previously reported optically thin CO isotopologue line, the pressure broadened line wings enabled us to directly determine the midplane gas density for the first time. The gas surface density at ∼5 au from the central star reaches ∼10
3
g cm
−2
, which suggests that the inner region of the disk has enough mass to form a Jupiter-mass planet. Additionally, the gas surface density drops at the inner cavity by ∼2 orders of magnitude compared to outside the cavity. We also found a low CO abundance of ∼10
−6
with respect to H
2
, even inside the CO snow line, which suggests conversion of CO to less volatile species. Combining our results with previous studies, the gas surface density jumps at
r
∼ 20 au, suggesting that the inner region (3 <
r
< 20 au) might be the magnetorotational instability dead zone. This study sheds light on the direct gas surface density constraint without assuming the CO/H
2
ratio using ALMA.</abstract><cop>Austin</cop><pub>The American Astronomical Society</pub><doi>10.3847/2041-8213/ac903a</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-222X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-7682</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6034-2892</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8002-8473</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-8157</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Accretion disks Astrochemistry Carbon monoxide Emission analysis Extrasolar planets Gas density Gas giant planets Jupiter Low temperature Magnetic fields Physical properties Planet formation Planets Pressure broadening Protoplanetary disks Radio telescopes Snow line Temperature regions |
title | Discovery of Line Pressure Broadening and Direct Constraint on Gas Surface Density in a Protoplanetary Disk |
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