Nanobiomechanics of proteins and biomembrane

• Published in: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences 2008-06, Vol.363 (1500), p.2163-2171
• Main Author: Ikai, Atsushi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Antigens, Surface - chemistry; Atomic Force Microscopy; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins - chemistry; Bacterial Vaccines - chemistry; Biomechanical Phenomena; Calmodulin - chemistry; Cantilevers; Carbonic Anhydrase II - chemistry; Cattle; Cell membranes; Force Spectroscopy; Lipoproteins - chemistry; Membrane Protein Extraction; Membrane proteins; Membranes - chemistry; Messenger RNA; Mice; Microscopy, Atomic Force - methods; Molecular probes; Molecules; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protein Stretching; Protein-Ligand Interaction; Proteins; Receptor Mapping; Receptors; RNA, Messenger - isolation & purification; Ungulates; Youngs modulus
• ISSN: 0962-8436; 1471-2970
• DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.2269

A review of the work done in the Laboratory of Biodynamics of Tokyo Institute of Technology in the last decade has been summarized in this article in relation to the results reported from other laboratories. The emphasis here is the application of nanomechanics based on the force mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to proteins and protein-based biological structures. Globular proteins were stretched in various ways to detect the localized rigidity inside of the molecule. When studied by this method, bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA II), calmodulin and OspA protein all showed the presence of localized rigid structures inside the molecules. Protein compression experiments were done on BCA II to obtain an estimate of the Young modulus and its change in the process of denaturation. Then, the AFM probe method was turned on to cell membranes and cytoplasmic components. Force curves accompanying the extraction process of membrane proteins from intact cells were analysed in relation to their interaction with the cytoskeletal components. By pushing the AFM probe further into the cytoplasm, mRNAs were recovered from a live cell with minimal damage, and multiplied using PCR technology for their identification. Altogether, the work introduced here forms the basis of nanomechanics of protein and protein-based biostructures and application of the nanomechanical technology to cell biology.