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Significance of rhizomorph formation of Armillaria Mellea (Fr.) Kum. on Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don in the Azores
Annual surveys carried out during the last nineteen years in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don plantations revealed the absence of carpophore formation of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. Thus, the disease is spread by root contact between neighbouring trees and mainly by means of rhizomorphs. Observ...
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Published in: | Phytopathologia mediterranea 1976-12, Vol.15 (2/3), p.73-77 |
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description | Annual surveys carried out during the last nineteen years in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don plantations revealed the absence of carpophore formation of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. Thus, the disease is spread by root contact between neighbouring trees and mainly by means of rhizomorphs. Observations in vivo and experiments in vitro have been carriel out to study rhizomorph initiation, growth, vigour and form, in order to determine the influence of infection potentiality in the pathogen spread. Rhizomorph initiation and growth has been induced by some nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen (peptone) and magnesium; however it is inhibited by phenolic compounds and nitrate as a nitrogen source. Rhizomorph formation has been also observed in blocks of Cryptomeria heartwood, coloured from cream through rose tints to brown, and moistened with a nutritional solution. Initiation and growth has been inhibited or restrained by phenolic substances natural in dark heartwood. Even if the fruiting bodies had not yet been recorder under ecological conditions, in pure culture, they are profusely developed on pieces of lightwood. Osservazioni annuali condotte nelle Azzorre per 19 anni su Cryptomeria japónica (L.f.) D. Don hanno mes so in evidenza la mancanza di carpofori di Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La malattia è pertanto diffusa per contatto fra le radiei di alberi vicini e principalmente a mezzo di rizomorfe. Sono stati eseguiti saggi in vivo e in vitro per studiare gli stadi iniziali di formazione delle rizomorfe, la loro velocità di accrescimento e la loro forma e ció anche con lo scopo di determinare la potenzialità di infezione da parte del patogeno. L'inizio di crescita e l'accrescimento stesso delle rizomorfe è stato favorito dall'aggiunta nel substrato di coltura di glucosio e di peptone. Composti fenolici e azoto somministrato sotto forma di nitrato ne hanno inibito lo sviluppo. La formazione delle rizomorfe è stata anche seguita su blocchetti di durame di Cryptomeria, di tonalità variabile dal cremeo al rosa al marrone, inumiditi con la soluzione nutritiva. L'inizio di crescita e lo sviluppo delle rizomorfe sono state inibite o contenu te da sos tanze fenoliche naturali presentí nel durame di tonalità nera. Sebbene i carpofori non siano stati osservati in natura, la loro differenziazione è stata abbondante su pezzi di legno di tonalità chiara. Les prospections faites pendant les dernières années chez les plantations de Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.). |
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Don in the Azores</title><source>JSTOR</source><creator>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</creator><creatorcontrib>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F. ; Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. (USA)</creatorcontrib><description>Annual surveys carried out during the last nineteen years in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don plantations revealed the absence of carpophore formation of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. Thus, the disease is spread by root contact between neighbouring trees and mainly by means of rhizomorphs. Observations in vivo and experiments in vitro have been carriel out to study rhizomorph initiation, growth, vigour and form, in order to determine the influence of infection potentiality in the pathogen spread. Rhizomorph initiation and growth has been induced by some nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen (peptone) and magnesium; however it is inhibited by phenolic compounds and nitrate as a nitrogen source. Rhizomorph formation has been also observed in blocks of Cryptomeria heartwood, coloured from cream through rose tints to brown, and moistened with a nutritional solution. Initiation and growth has been inhibited or restrained by phenolic substances natural in dark heartwood. Even if the fruiting bodies had not yet been recorder under ecological conditions, in pure culture, they are profusely developed on pieces of lightwood. Osservazioni annuali condotte nelle Azzorre per 19 anni su Cryptomeria japónica (L.f.) D. Don hanno mes so in evidenza la mancanza di carpofori di Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La malattia è pertanto diffusa per contatto fra le radiei di alberi vicini e principalmente a mezzo di rizomorfe. Sono stati eseguiti saggi in vivo e in vitro per studiare gli stadi iniziali di formazione delle rizomorfe, la loro velocità di accrescimento e la loro forma e ció anche con lo scopo di determinare la potenzialità di infezione da parte del patogeno. L'inizio di crescita e l'accrescimento stesso delle rizomorfe è stato favorito dall'aggiunta nel substrato di coltura di glucosio e di peptone. Composti fenolici e azoto somministrato sotto forma di nitrato ne hanno inibito lo sviluppo. La formazione delle rizomorfe è stata anche seguita su blocchetti di durame di Cryptomeria, di tonalità variabile dal cremeo al rosa al marrone, inumiditi con la soluzione nutritiva. L'inizio di crescita e lo sviluppo delle rizomorfe sono state inibite o contenu te da sos tanze fenoliche naturali presentí nel durame di tonalità nera. Sebbene i carpofori non siano stati osservati in natura, la loro differenziazione è stata abbondante su pezzi di legno di tonalità chiara. Les prospections faites pendant les dernières années chez les plantations de Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.). D. Don à l'Ile de S. Miguel, Açores ont fait constater l'inexistence de carpophores annuels de l'Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La dispersion du parasite doit alors être considérée comme effectuée seulement par les autre moyens habituels chez les maladies radiculaires, c'est à dire, par des contacts par les racines des arbres voisins et tout spécialment par les rhizomorphes. Des observations in vivo et des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en vue de l'étude de la formation des rhizomorphes, leur croissance, vigueur et forme, pour connaître, tout d'abord, l'influence de la potentialité de l'infection rhizomorphique dans la dispersion du pathogène. De ces expériences on peut conclure que, s'il y a des substances nutritives qui ont produit une plus grande formation rhizomorphique, par exemple, les sources de carbone (glucose), l'azote (peptone), etc., par contre les phenols et l'azote nitrique ont provoqué leur inibition. On a cultivé aussi Armillaria dans des morceaux de bois de Cryptomeria, dans une gamme de teintures du crème en passant par les roses, jusqu'au brun, humidifiés dans une solution nutritive. Dans les colonies du champignon sur bois de couleur foncé, on a vérifié que l'existence de substances phénoliques dans le bois a rendu difficile, et parfois même nulle, la formation rhizomorphique. Bien que dans des conditions écologique naturelles les fructifications n'aient jamais été vues, dans les cultures pures sur bois, les carpophores à! Armillaria mellea se sont développés.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0031-9465</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1593-2095</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Unione Fitopatologica Mediterranea</publisher><subject>Armillaria ; Heartwood ; Infections ; Nitrogen ; Pathogens ; Peptones ; Plant diseases ; Plant roots ; Plantations ; Tree stumps</subject><ispartof>Phytopathologia mediterranea, 1976-12, Vol.15 (2/3), p.73-77</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42685484$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/42685484$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,58238,58471</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. (USA)</creatorcontrib><title>Significance of rhizomorph formation of Armillaria Mellea (Fr.) Kum. on Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don in the Azores</title><title>Phytopathologia mediterranea</title><description>Annual surveys carried out during the last nineteen years in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don plantations revealed the absence of carpophore formation of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. Thus, the disease is spread by root contact between neighbouring trees and mainly by means of rhizomorphs. Observations in vivo and experiments in vitro have been carriel out to study rhizomorph initiation, growth, vigour and form, in order to determine the influence of infection potentiality in the pathogen spread. Rhizomorph initiation and growth has been induced by some nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen (peptone) and magnesium; however it is inhibited by phenolic compounds and nitrate as a nitrogen source. Rhizomorph formation has been also observed in blocks of Cryptomeria heartwood, coloured from cream through rose tints to brown, and moistened with a nutritional solution. Initiation and growth has been inhibited or restrained by phenolic substances natural in dark heartwood. Even if the fruiting bodies had not yet been recorder under ecological conditions, in pure culture, they are profusely developed on pieces of lightwood. Osservazioni annuali condotte nelle Azzorre per 19 anni su Cryptomeria japónica (L.f.) D. Don hanno mes so in evidenza la mancanza di carpofori di Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La malattia è pertanto diffusa per contatto fra le radiei di alberi vicini e principalmente a mezzo di rizomorfe. Sono stati eseguiti saggi in vivo e in vitro per studiare gli stadi iniziali di formazione delle rizomorfe, la loro velocità di accrescimento e la loro forma e ció anche con lo scopo di determinare la potenzialità di infezione da parte del patogeno. L'inizio di crescita e l'accrescimento stesso delle rizomorfe è stato favorito dall'aggiunta nel substrato di coltura di glucosio e di peptone. Composti fenolici e azoto somministrato sotto forma di nitrato ne hanno inibito lo sviluppo. La formazione delle rizomorfe è stata anche seguita su blocchetti di durame di Cryptomeria, di tonalità variabile dal cremeo al rosa al marrone, inumiditi con la soluzione nutritiva. L'inizio di crescita e lo sviluppo delle rizomorfe sono state inibite o contenu te da sos tanze fenoliche naturali presentí nel durame di tonalità nera. Sebbene i carpofori non siano stati osservati in natura, la loro differenziazione è stata abbondante su pezzi di legno di tonalità chiara. Les prospections faites pendant les dernières années chez les plantations de Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.). D. Don à l'Ile de S. Miguel, Açores ont fait constater l'inexistence de carpophores annuels de l'Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La dispersion du parasite doit alors être considérée comme effectuée seulement par les autre moyens habituels chez les maladies radiculaires, c'est à dire, par des contacts par les racines des arbres voisins et tout spécialment par les rhizomorphes. Des observations in vivo et des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en vue de l'étude de la formation des rhizomorphes, leur croissance, vigueur et forme, pour connaître, tout d'abord, l'influence de la potentialité de l'infection rhizomorphique dans la dispersion du pathogène. De ces expériences on peut conclure que, s'il y a des substances nutritives qui ont produit une plus grande formation rhizomorphique, par exemple, les sources de carbone (glucose), l'azote (peptone), etc., par contre les phenols et l'azote nitrique ont provoqué leur inibition. On a cultivé aussi Armillaria dans des morceaux de bois de Cryptomeria, dans une gamme de teintures du crème en passant par les roses, jusqu'au brun, humidifiés dans une solution nutritive. Dans les colonies du champignon sur bois de couleur foncé, on a vérifié que l'existence de substances phénoliques dans le bois a rendu difficile, et parfois même nulle, la formation rhizomorphique. Bien que dans des conditions écologique naturelles les fructifications n'aient jamais été vues, dans les cultures pures sur bois, les carpophores à! Armillaria mellea se sont développés.</description><subject>Armillaria</subject><subject>Heartwood</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Peptones</subject><subject>Plant diseases</subject><subject>Plant roots</subject><subject>Plantations</subject><subject>Tree stumps</subject><issn>0031-9465</issn><issn>1593-2095</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1976</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNotjMtOwzAURC0EEqHwCSAvyyKRXzePZZRSqChiQfeR49itqySOnCDRfn0TldVo5hzNDQooZDxkJINbFBDCaZiJGO7RwzAcp5oyoAH6-7H7zhqrZKc0dgb7gz271vn-gI3zrRyt6-Y9961tGumtxF-6abTEy7WPXvHnbxvhSSn8qR9dq2fhKHvXTZd4uY3M5KwivJoU2-HxoHF-dl4Pj-jOyGbQT_-5QLv12674CLff75si34ZGgAgNTxMFFECxSgEDLURds4qqWBCmMx7XHIyRMHdI45jXSlcs0ZqKjDDF-QI9X2-Pw-h82XvbSn8qBYtTEKmY-MuVG-lKufd2KDc7miUJYRSoIPwCqqFeGw</recordid><startdate>19761201</startdate><enddate>19761201</enddate><creator>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</creator><general>Unione Fitopatologica Mediterranea</general><scope>FBQ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19761201</creationdate><title>Significance of rhizomorph formation of Armillaria Mellea (Fr.) Kum. on Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don in the Azores</title><author>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-f454-f387c5155c2bc525e44dd2b1c6402e936d35ffa5c64058663dceb27ee14902c33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1976</creationdate><topic>Armillaria</topic><topic>Heartwood</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Peptones</topic><topic>Plant diseases</topic><topic>Plant roots</topic><topic>Plantations</topic><topic>Tree stumps</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. (USA)</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><jtitle>Phytopathologia mediterranea</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>dos Santos de Azevedo, Natalina F.</au><aucorp>Du Pont (E.I.) de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. (USA)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Significance of rhizomorph formation of Armillaria Mellea (Fr.) Kum. on Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don in the Azores</atitle><jtitle>Phytopathologia mediterranea</jtitle><date>1976-12-01</date><risdate>1976</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>2/3</issue><spage>73</spage><epage>77</epage><pages>73-77</pages><issn>0031-9465</issn><eissn>1593-2095</eissn><abstract>Annual surveys carried out during the last nineteen years in Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don plantations revealed the absence of carpophore formation of Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. Thus, the disease is spread by root contact between neighbouring trees and mainly by means of rhizomorphs. Observations in vivo and experiments in vitro have been carriel out to study rhizomorph initiation, growth, vigour and form, in order to determine the influence of infection potentiality in the pathogen spread. Rhizomorph initiation and growth has been induced by some nutrients such as carbohydrates, nitrogen (peptone) and magnesium; however it is inhibited by phenolic compounds and nitrate as a nitrogen source. Rhizomorph formation has been also observed in blocks of Cryptomeria heartwood, coloured from cream through rose tints to brown, and moistened with a nutritional solution. Initiation and growth has been inhibited or restrained by phenolic substances natural in dark heartwood. Even if the fruiting bodies had not yet been recorder under ecological conditions, in pure culture, they are profusely developed on pieces of lightwood. Osservazioni annuali condotte nelle Azzorre per 19 anni su Cryptomeria japónica (L.f.) D. Don hanno mes so in evidenza la mancanza di carpofori di Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La malattia è pertanto diffusa per contatto fra le radiei di alberi vicini e principalmente a mezzo di rizomorfe. Sono stati eseguiti saggi in vivo e in vitro per studiare gli stadi iniziali di formazione delle rizomorfe, la loro velocità di accrescimento e la loro forma e ció anche con lo scopo di determinare la potenzialità di infezione da parte del patogeno. L'inizio di crescita e l'accrescimento stesso delle rizomorfe è stato favorito dall'aggiunta nel substrato di coltura di glucosio e di peptone. Composti fenolici e azoto somministrato sotto forma di nitrato ne hanno inibito lo sviluppo. La formazione delle rizomorfe è stata anche seguita su blocchetti di durame di Cryptomeria, di tonalità variabile dal cremeo al rosa al marrone, inumiditi con la soluzione nutritiva. L'inizio di crescita e lo sviluppo delle rizomorfe sono state inibite o contenu te da sos tanze fenoliche naturali presentí nel durame di tonalità nera. Sebbene i carpofori non siano stati osservati in natura, la loro differenziazione è stata abbondante su pezzi di legno di tonalità chiara. Les prospections faites pendant les dernières années chez les plantations de Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.). D. Don à l'Ile de S. Miguel, Açores ont fait constater l'inexistence de carpophores annuels de l'Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Kummer. La dispersion du parasite doit alors être considérée comme effectuée seulement par les autre moyens habituels chez les maladies radiculaires, c'est à dire, par des contacts par les racines des arbres voisins et tout spécialment par les rhizomorphes. Des observations in vivo et des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en vue de l'étude de la formation des rhizomorphes, leur croissance, vigueur et forme, pour connaître, tout d'abord, l'influence de la potentialité de l'infection rhizomorphique dans la dispersion du pathogène. De ces expériences on peut conclure que, s'il y a des substances nutritives qui ont produit une plus grande formation rhizomorphique, par exemple, les sources de carbone (glucose), l'azote (peptone), etc., par contre les phenols et l'azote nitrique ont provoqué leur inibition. On a cultivé aussi Armillaria dans des morceaux de bois de Cryptomeria, dans une gamme de teintures du crème en passant par les roses, jusqu'au brun, humidifiés dans une solution nutritive. Dans les colonies du champignon sur bois de couleur foncé, on a vérifié que l'existence de substances phénoliques dans le bois a rendu difficile, et parfois même nulle, la formation rhizomorphique. Bien que dans des conditions écologique naturelles les fructifications n'aient jamais été vues, dans les cultures pures sur bois, les carpophores à! Armillaria mellea se sont développés.</abstract><pub>Unione Fitopatologica Mediterranea</pub><tpages>5</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Armillaria Heartwood Infections Nitrogen Pathogens Peptones Plant diseases Plant roots Plantations Tree stumps |
title | Significance of rhizomorph formation of Armillaria Mellea (Fr.) Kum. on Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don in the Azores |
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