Narrowing the Gap between Theoretical and Practical Capacities in Li‐Ion Layered Oxide Cathode Materials

Although layered lithium oxides have become the cathode of choice for state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries, substantial gaps remain between the practical and theoretical energy densities. With the aim of supporting efforts to close this gap, this work reviews the fundamental operating mechanisms and ch...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Advanced energy materials 2017-10, Vol.7 (20), p.n/a
Main Authors: Radin, Maxwell D., Hy, Sunny, Sina, Mahsa, Fang, Chengcheng, Liu, Haodong, Vinckeviciute, Julija, Zhang, Minghao, Whittingham, M. Stanley, Meng, Y. Shirley, Van der Ven, Anton
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aluminum
Cathodes
charge transport
Cobalt base alloys
defects
Electrode materials
ENERGY STORAGE
energy storage (including batteries and capacitors)
Intercalation
layered oxides
Li-ion batteries
Lithium
Lithium oxides
Lithium-ion batteries
Manganese base alloys
materials and chemistry by design
Materials selection
Nickel base alloys
phase transformations
Rechargeable batteries
synthesis (novel materials)
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Summary:Although layered lithium oxides have become the cathode of choice for state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries, substantial gaps remain between the practical and theoretical energy densities. With the aim of supporting efforts to close this gap, this work reviews the fundamental operating mechanisms and challenges of Li intercalation in layered oxides, contrasts how these challenges play out differently for different materials (with emphasis on Ni–Co–Al (NCA) and Ni–Mn–Co (NMC) alloys), and summarizes the extensive corpus of modifications and extensions to the layered lithium oxides. Particular emphasis is given to the fundamental mechanisms behind the operation and degradation of layered intercalation electrode materials as well as novel modifications and extensions, including Na‐ion and cation‐disordered materials. Li intercalation in layered‐oxide cathodes involves a complex interplay between many thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena. This review summarizes the fundamental mechanisms and challenges, and how these play out for different layered‐oxide cathode materials. Special emphasis is given to Ni–Co–Al and Ni–Mn–Co alloys as well as novel modifications and extensions, including Na‐ion and cation‐disordered materials.
ISSN:1614-6832
1614-6840
DOI:10.1002/aenm.201602888