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Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of continuous maize and maize and soybean in rotation in the upper Midwest U.S

•Evapotranspiration from rainfed continuous maize and maize and soybean crops in rotation was similar during normal years.•Water use efficiencies were lower in the drought year, mainly due to lower crop yield.•Maize and soybean crops in this region use similar amounts of water over the growing seaso...

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Published in:Agricultural water management 2019-07, Vol.221 (C), p.92-98
Main Authors: Hussain, Mir Zaman, Hamilton, Stephen K., Bhardwaj, Ajay K., Basso, Bruno, Thelen, Kurt D., Robertson, G.P.
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container_title Agricultural water management
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description •Evapotranspiration from rainfed continuous maize and maize and soybean crops in rotation was similar during normal years.•Water use efficiencies were lower in the drought year, mainly due to lower crop yield.•Maize and soybean crops in this region use similar amounts of water over the growing season.\•The relative proportion of maize and soybean crops in watersheds should not affect regional water balances. This study examined evapotranspiration (ET) from no-till, rainfed maize and soybean during three growing seasons (May-Sep) of normal rainfall years (2009, 2010, 2011) and a drought year (2012) in Michigan, USA, based on daily soil water uptake measured by time-domain reflectometry at multiple depths through the root zone. During normal rainfall years, growing-season ET was similar between continuous maize (mean ± standard deviation: 471 ± 47 mm) and maize in rotation (469 ± 51 mm). During the drought year, ET decreased by only 3% for continuous maize but by 20% for maize in rotation. During the normal rainfall years, ET for soybean (453 ± 34 mm) was statistically indistinguishable from ET for maize, and was lower during the drought year (333 mm). Water use efficiency (WUE), calculated from harvest yield (grain + corn stover) and ET, was 25.3 ± 4.2 kg ha−1 mm-1 for continuous maize and 27.3 ± 3.1 kg ha−1 mm−1 for maize in rotation during the normal rainfall years, whereas WUEs for both continuous maize and maize in rotation were much lower in the 2012 drought year (14.0 and 15.5 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively), coincident with lower production. Soybean had a much lower WUE than maize during the three normal years (6.95 ± 0.96 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the drought year (4.57 kg ha−1 mm−1), also explained by lower yield. Both maize and soybean tended to use all available water in the soil profile; there was no consistent difference in ET between these crops, while yield varied markedly from year to year.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.agwat.2019.02.049
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This study examined evapotranspiration (ET) from no-till, rainfed maize and soybean during three growing seasons (May-Sep) of normal rainfall years (2009, 2010, 2011) and a drought year (2012) in Michigan, USA, based on daily soil water uptake measured by time-domain reflectometry at multiple depths through the root zone. During normal rainfall years, growing-season ET was similar between continuous maize (mean ± standard deviation: 471 ± 47 mm) and maize in rotation (469 ± 51 mm). During the drought year, ET decreased by only 3% for continuous maize but by 20% for maize in rotation. During the normal rainfall years, ET for soybean (453 ± 34 mm) was statistically indistinguishable from ET for maize, and was lower during the drought year (333 mm). Water use efficiency (WUE), calculated from harvest yield (grain + corn stover) and ET, was 25.3 ± 4.2 kg ha−1 mm-1 for continuous maize and 27.3 ± 3.1 kg ha−1 mm−1 for maize in rotation during the normal rainfall years, whereas WUEs for both continuous maize and maize in rotation were much lower in the 2012 drought year (14.0 and 15.5 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively), coincident with lower production. Soybean had a much lower WUE than maize during the three normal years (6.95 ± 0.96 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the drought year (4.57 kg ha−1 mm−1), also explained by lower yield. 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subjects Continuous corn
Corn-soybean rotation
Daily soil moisture
Drought years
Evapotranspiration
Grain yield
Leaf area index
Maximum biomass
Modeled ET
No-till
Normal rainfall years
Sandy soil
Stover yield
Time domain reflectometery
US Midwest
Water use-efficiency
title Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of continuous maize and maize and soybean in rotation in the upper Midwest U.S
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