Thermodynamic properties of Ca–Pb electrodes determined by electromotive force measurements

• Published in: Journal of power sources 2020-03, Vol.451 (C), p.227745, Article 227745
• Main Authors: Smith, Nathan D., Orabona, Nicole E., Soldan Palma, Jorge Paz, Kong, Yuran, Blanchard, Cameron, Kim, Hojong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Calcium-lead alloys; Ca–Pb phase diagram; Emf method; Liquid metal batteries; Liquid metal electrodes; Thermodynamic properties
• ISSN: 0378-7753; 1873-2755
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227745

Thermodynamic properties of Ca–Pb alloys are investigated by electromotive force (emf) measurements to determine equilibrium cell potentials and phase properties for their application in energy storage systems such as liquid metal batteries. Using the electrochemical cell Ca(s) | CaF2(s) | Ca(in Pb) at 700–1060 K, cell emf is measured for thirteen Ca–Pb alloys at mole fractions, xCa = 0.06–0.80. At 873 K, the equilibrium potentials of liquid Ca–Pb alloys are 0.57–0.62 V versus Ca and the activity values are as low as aCa = 6.2 × 10−8 at xCa = 0.06. In addition, the emf values as a function of temperature provide partial molar quantities (entropy and enthalpy) as well as phase transitions which are corroborated by determining transition temperatures and phase constituents using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). This work establishes the fundamental data necessary for the design of Pb-containing liquid metal electrodes through the integration of electrochemical, thermal, and structural properties of Ca–Pb electrodes. •Determined equilibrium cell potentials for a Ca–Pb electrodes.•Established fundamental data for development of liquid Ca–Pb electrode.•Resolved conflict in literature values for thermodynamic properties of Ca–Pb alloys.•Provided comprehensive phase transition behavior for the Ca–Pb system.