Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

• Published in: Journal of materials science & technology 2019-02, Vol.35 (2), p.351-367
• Main Authors: Segura, I.A., Murr, L.E., Terrazas, C.A., Bermudez, D., Mireles, J., Injeti, V.S.V., Li, K., Yu, B., Misra, R.D.K., Wicker, R.B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 316L stainless steel; Additive manufacturing; Electron-beam powder bed fusion (EPBF); Grain boundary engineering; Inconel 690 cladding; Materials characterization; Materials Science; Mechanical properties; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering
• ISSN: 1005-0302; 1941-1162
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.059

This research explores the prospect of fabricating a face-centered cubic (fcc) Ni-base alloy cladding (Inconel 690) on an fcc Fe-base alloy (316 L stainless-steel) having improved mechanical properties and reduced sensitivity to corrosion through grain boundary and microstructure engineering concepts enabled by additive manufacturing (AM) utilizing electron-beam powder bed fusion (EPBF). The unique solidification and associated constitutional supercooling phenomena characteristic of EPBF promotes [100] textured and extended columnar grains having lower energy grain boundaries as opposed to random, high-angle grain boundaries, but no coherent {111} twin boundaries characteristic of conventional thermo-mechanically processed fcc metals and alloys, including Inconel 690 and 316 L stainless-steel. In addition to [100] textured grains, columnar grains were produced by EPBF fabrication of Inconel 690 claddings on 316 L stainless-steel substrates. Also, irregular 2–3 μm diameter, low energy subgrains were formed along with dislocation densities varying from 108 to 109 cm−2, and a homogeneous distribution of Cr23C6 precipitates. Precipitates were formed within the grains (with ∼3 μm interparticle spacing), but not in the subgrain or columnar grain boundaries. These inclusive, hierarchical microstructures produced a tensile yield strength of 0.527 GPa, elongation of 21%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 2.33 GPa for the Inconel 690 cladding in contrast to a tensile yield strength of 0.327 GPa, elongation of 53%, and Vickers microindentation hardness of 1.78 GPa, respectively for the wrought 316 L stainless-steel substrate. Aging of both the Inconel 690 cladding and the 316 L stainless-steel substrate at 685 °C for 50 h precipitated Cr23C6 carbides in the Inconel 690 columnar grain boundaries, but not in the low-angle (and low energy) subgrain boundaries. In contrast, Cr23C6 carbides precipitated in the 316 L stainless-steel grain boundaries, but not in the low energy coherent {111} twin boundaries. Consequently, the Inconel 690 subgrain boundaries essentially serve as surrogates for coherent twin boundaries with regard to avoiding carbide precipitation and corrosion sensitization.