Exploring the Utility of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis for Assessing Ferrous Iron-Mediated Reduction of RDX in the Subsurface

• Published in: Environmental science & technology 2021-05, Vol.55 (10), p.6752-6763
• Main Authors: Tong, Yiran, Berens, Matthew J, Ulrich, Bridget A, Bolotin, Jakov, Strehlau, Jennifer H, Hofstetter, Thomas B, Arnold, William A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anoxic conditions; Attenuation; Chemical reactions; Chemical reduction; Contaminants; Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments; Contamination; Denitration; Fractionation; Groundwater; Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine; Iron oxides; Isotope effect; Isotope fractionation; Isotope ratios; Isotopes; Laboratories; Minerals; Natural attenuation; Nitroso compounds; Ordnance; RDX; Sediment pollution; Sediments; Stable isotopes; Toxicity; Triazine; Water sampling
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08420

Subsurface contamination with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) at ordnance production and testing sites is a problem because of the persistence, mobility, and toxicity of RDX and the formation of toxic products under anoxic conditions. While the utility of compound-specific isotope analysis for inferring natural attenuation pathways from stable isotope ratios has been demonstrated, the stable isotope fractionation for RDX reduction by iron-bearing minerals remains unknown. Here, we evaluated N and C isotope fractionation of RDX during reduction by Fe­(II) associated with Fe minerals and natural sediments and applied N isotope ratios to the assessment of mineral-catalyzed RDX reduction in a contaminant plume and in sediment columns treated by in situ chemical reduction. Laboratory studies revealed that RDX was reduced to nitroso compounds without denitration and the concomitant ring cleavage. Fe­(II)/iron oxide mineral-catalyzed reactions exhibited N isotope enrichment factors, εN, between −6.3±0.3‰ and −8.2±0.2‰, corresponding to an apparent 15N kinetic isotope effect of 1.04–1.05. The observed variations of the δ15N of ∼15‰ in RDX from groundwater samples suggested an extent of reductive transformation of 85% at an ammunition plant. Conversely, we observed masking of N isotope fractionation after RDX reduction in laboratory flow-through systems, which was presumably due to limited accessibility to reactive Fe­(II).