Degradation in photovoltaic encapsulant transmittance: Results of the second PVQAT TG5 artificial weathering study

• Published in: Progress in photovoltaics 2022-07, Vol.30 (7), p.763-783
• Main Authors: Morse, Joshua, Thuis, Michael, Holsapple, Derek, Willis, Ryan, Kempe, Michael D., Miller, David C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artificial weathering tests; Degradation; Discoloration; durability; Elastomers; encapsulant; Encapsulation; Ethylene tetrafluoroethylenes; Ethylene vinyl acetates; EVA; Haze; Infrared spectrophotometers; Near infrared radiation; Optical microscopes; optical scattering; optical transmittance; Photovoltaic cells; POE; Polyethylene terephthalate; Polyolefins; Polystyrene resins; Polyvinyl acetal resins; Polyvinyl butyral; PVB; PVQAT; Quality assurance; reliability; Scattering; thermal activation; TPO; Transmittance; Ultraviolet radiation; Vinyl acetate; Weathering; Xenon
• ISSN: 1062-7995; 1099-159X
• DOI: 10.1002/pip.3551

The optical degradation of encapsulants from ultraviolet (UV) radiation has historically resulted in a significant loss in performance throughout the life of a photovoltaic (PV) module. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) test methods have recently been developed to screen for PV encapsulants prone to loss in optical performance. The present study was performed to benchmark polymeric packaging materials relative to IEC 62788‐1‐4 (covering the measurement of optical transmittance) and IEC 62788‐1‐7 (on the durability of transmittance), provide feedback toward improvement of the methods, and develop insight regarding optical degradation. Contemporary materials were examined, including poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), polyolefin elastomer (POE), and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) encapsulants; a poly(ethene‐co‐tetrafluoroethene)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ETFE/PET) transparent backsheet; and a polystyrene (PS) working reference material. The use of silica‐, specialty‐, and rolled‐glass was also compared in laminated coupons. Specimen size was separately examined from 2.5 to 12.5 cm. Weathering was performed with a xenon source, using IEC TS 62788‐7‐2 methods A2, A3, A4, and A5 (chamber temperature of 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, or 85°C), respectively. Characterizations were made using a UV–visible–near‐infrared (UV–VIS–NIR) spectrophotometer (transmittance and reflectance, with and without an integrating sphere), a UV–VIS fluorescence spectrophotometer, a camera, and an optical microscope. Performance was analyzed, including solar weighted transmittance, yellowness index, UV cut‐off wavelength, and haze (scattering). Separate Arrhenius analyses were performed to assess retention of transmittance and changes in yellowness index. The activation energy for both characteristics was found to range from 15–80 kJ·mol−1, with an average of 48 kJ·mol−1, similar to the average of 45 kJ·mol−1 identified in the previous international PV Quality Assurance Task Force (PVQAT) Task Group 5 (TG5) study of more traditional encapsulants. The separate degradation modes of discoloration and scattering were distinguished in the encapsulants using a comprehensive spectral characterization. Based on these results, the IEC 62788‐1‐7 pass/fail criteria of 5% change in transmittance was confirmed to identify a known bad encapsulant. Contemporary encapsulants were compared through the recent IEC TS 62788‐7‐2 (A2–A5) UV weathering methods. The pass/fai