Ionic dependence of sulphur mustard cytotoxicity

• Published in: Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2010-09, Vol.247 (3), p.179-190
• Main Authors: Sawyer, Thomas W., Nelson, Peggy, Bjarnason, Stephen, Vair, Cory, Shei, Yimin, Tenn, Catherine, Lecavalier, Pierre, Burczyk, Andrew
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; Acidification; Ammonium Chloride - chemistry; Ammonium Chloride - pharmacology; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Buffers; Caspase 3 - metabolism; Cell Culture Techniques; CELL CULTURES; Cell Survival - drug effects; CHALCOGENIDES; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Chemical warfare (CW); Chemical Warfare Agents - toxicity; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Culture Media - chemistry; Cytotoxicity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gas, fumes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intracellular Fluid - chemistry; Intracellular pH (pH i); Ion dependence; Medical sciences; Mustard Gas - toxicity; Salts - chemistry; Salts - pharmacology; Sodium Chloride - chemistry; Sodium Chloride - pharmacology; Sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE); Sodium Iodide - chemistry; Sodium Iodide - pharmacology; Sucrose; SULFIDES; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; Sulphur mustard (HD, bis (2-chloroethyl) Sulphide); TOXICITY; Toxicology
• ISSN: 0041-008X; 1096-0333
• DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.06.010

The effect of ionic environment on sulphur mustard (bis 2-chloroethyl sulphide; HD) toxicity was examined in CHO-K1 cells. Cultures were treated with HD in different ionic environments at constant osmolar conditions (320 mOsM, pH 7.4). The cultures were refed with fresh culture medium 1 h after HD exposure, and viability was assessed. Little toxicity was apparent when HD exposures were carried out in ion-free sucrose buffer compared to LC 50 values of ~ 100–150 μM when the cultures were treated with HD in culture medium. Addition of NaCl to the buffer increased HD toxicity in a salt concentration-dependent manner to values similar to those obtained in culture medium. HD toxicity was dependent on both cationic and anionic species with anionic environment playing a much larger role in determining toxicity. Substitution of NaI for NaCl in the treatment buffers increased HD toxicity by over 1000%. The activity of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in recovering from cytosolic acidification in salt-free and in different chloride salts did not correlate with the HD-induced toxicity in these buffers. However, the inhibition by HD of intracellular pH regulation correlated with its toxicity in NaCl, NaI and sucrose buffers. Analytical chemical studies and the toxicity of the iodine mustard derivative ruled out the role of chemical reactions yielding differentially toxic species as being responsible for the differences in HD toxicity observed. This work demonstrates that the early events that HD sets into motion to cause toxicity are dependent on ionic environment, possibly due to intracellular pH deregulation.