Wildfire smoke impacts lake ecosystems

• Published in: Global change biology 2024-06, Vol.30 (6), p.e17367-n/a
• Main Authors: Farruggia, Mary Jade, Brahney, Janice, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Brentrup, Jennifer A., Brighenti, Ludmila S., Chandra, Sudeep, Cortés, Alicia, Fernandez, Rocio L., Fischer, Janet M., Forrest, Alexander L., Jin, Yufang, Larrieu, Kenneth, McCullough, Ian M., Oleksy, Isabella A., Pilla, Rachel M., Rusak, James A., Scordo, Facundo, Smits, Adrianne P., Symons, Celia C., Tang, Minmeng, Woodman, Samuel G., Sadro, Steven
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anthropogenic factors; Aquatic ecosystems; Ash; ash deposition; Biological activity; Biota; Climate change; Ecosystem; Ecosystems; Environmental Monitoring; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Exposure; Forest & brush fires; Human influences; lake smoke-day; Lakes; North America; Nutrients; Plumes; Smoke; Smoke - analysis; smoke plumes; Solar radiation; Spectral composition; wildfire; wildfire smoke; Wildfires
• ISSN: 1354-1013; 1365-2486
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17367

Wildfire activity is increasing globally. The resulting smoke plumes can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers, reflecting or scattering sunlight and depositing particles within ecosystems. Several key physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes are controlled by factors affected by smoke. The spatial and temporal scales of lake exposure to smoke are extensive and under‐recognized. We introduce the concept of the lake smoke‐day, or the number of days any given lake is exposed to smoke in any given fire season, and quantify the total lake smoke‐day exposure in North America from 2019 to 2021. Because smoke can be transported at continental to intercontinental scales, even regions that may not typically experience direct burning of landscapes by wildfire are at risk of smoke exposure. We found that 99.3% of North America was covered by smoke, affecting a total of 1,333,687 lakes ≥10 ha. An incredible 98.9% of lakes experienced at least 10 smoke‐days a year, with 89.6% of lakes receiving over 30 lake smoke‐days, and lakes in some regions experiencing up to 4 months of cumulative smoke‐days. Herein we review the mechanisms through which smoke and ash can affect lakes by altering the amount and spectral composition of incoming solar radiation and depositing carbon, nutrients, or toxic compounds that could alter chemical conditions and impact biota. We develop a conceptual framework that synthesizes known and theoretical impacts of smoke on lakes to guide future research. Finally, we identify emerging research priorities that can help us better understand how lakes will be affected by smoke as wildfire activity increases due to climate change and other anthropogenic activities. As wildfire activity increases, the resulting smoke can spread across regional to continental scales, altering fundamental physical, chemical, and biological dynamics within lake ecosystems. We quantify lake exposure to smoke across North America over 3 years to demonstrate the spatial and temporal scope of these interactions, and introduce the concept of smoke‐days as a metric of exposure for lakes. In North America, 99.3% of lakes experienced smoke from 2019 to 2021, affecting 1,333,687 lakes. We review the mechanisms through which smoke can affect lakes and synthesize our current understanding of smoke effects to develop a conceptual framework for understanding lake responses.