Safety assessment of selected inorganic elements to fry of chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

• Published in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 1990-12, Vol.20 (3), p.307-324
• Main Authors: Hamilton, Steven J., Buhl, Kevin J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 560300 - Chemicals Metabolism & Toxicology; ANADROMOUS FISHES; ANIMALS; Animals, Newborn; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; ARSENIC; Biological and medical sciences; CADMIUM; CALIFORNIA; CHROMIUM; CONTAMINATION; COPPER; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; Drug Combinations; ELEMENTS; Environmental pollutants toxicology; FEDERAL REGION IX; FISHES; FRESH WATER; Freshwater; HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lethal Dose 50; Medical sciences; MERCURY; METALS; Metals - toxicity; NORTH AMERICA; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; OXYGEN COMPOUNDS; POLLUTION; RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT; SAFETY; SALMON; SEMIMETALS; SILVER; TOXICITY; Toxicology; TRANSITION ELEMENTS; USA; VANADIUM; VERTEBRATES; WATER; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity; WATER POLLUTION; ZINC
• ISSN: 0147-6513; 1090-2414
• DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(90)90009-T

The acute toxicities of arsenate, arsenite, cadmium, chromate, copper, mercury, silver, vanadium, and zinc were determined, individually and in two environmentally relevant mixtures, to two life stages of chinook salmon in reconstituted fresh and brackish waters that simulated potential conditions in the San Joaquin Valley, California. The relative individual toxicities of the elements varied over four orders of magnitude; from most toxic to least toxic, the rank order was cadmium > copper > mercury > zinc > vanadium > arsenite > arsenate > chromate (no definitive tests for silver). In general, young fish tested in fresh water were more sensitive to the individual elements and the two mixtures than were advanced fry tested in brackish water. A 13-element mixture simulating concentrations in the San Luis Drain had the same toxicity to fish as the same mixture plus selenate and selenite, thus demonstrating that the presence of selenium at its environmental ratio in the mixture contributed no toxicity in short-term tests. As judged by a comparison of the individual acute values for salmon to the expected environmental concentrations in the San Luis Drain, the margins of uncertainty for cadmium and copper in both waters, zinc in fresh water, and mercury in brackish water were less than 100, whereas for the two environmental mixtures the margins were less than 15 in both test waters. These low margins of uncertainty, especially for the mixtures, indicate a high potential for environmental hazard to chinook salmon in the reconstituted waters tested.