Response of ornamental sunflower cultivars 'Sunbeam' and 'Moonbright' to irrigation with saline wastewaters

• Published in: Journal of plant nutrition 2010-01, Vol.33 (9-11), p.1579-1592
• Main Authors: Grieve, Catherine M, Poss, James A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: adverse effects; Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions; Biological and medical sciences; calcium; chlorides; cultivars; cut flowers; drainage water; Economic plant physiology; electrical conductivity; floriculture; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Genetics and breeding of economic plants; Helianthus annuus; hydrochemistry; ion relations; ion selectivity; ion transport; irrigation rates; irrigation water; leaves; magnesium; Metabolism; Metabolism. Physicochemical requirements; necrosis; Nutrition. Photosynthesis. Respiration. Metabolism; ornamental plants; plant growth; Plant physiology and development; plant response; saline water; salinity; sand cultures; seedlings; signs and symptoms (plants); sodicity; wastewater; wastewater irrigation; water quality; water reuse
• ISSN: 0190-4167; 1532-4087
• DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2010.496883

To explore the possibility that saline wastewaters may be used to grow commercially acceptable floriculture crops, a study was initiated to determine the effects of salinity on two pollen-free cultivars of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). 'Moonbright' and 'Sunbeam' were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with waters prepared to simulate wastewaters commonly present in two inland valley regions of California: 1) San Joaquin Valley (SJV) where saline-sodic drainage waters are dominated by sodium (Na+) and sulfate (SO2-4) and 2) Coachella Valley (CV) where major ions in tailwaters are Na+, chloride (Cl-), SO2-4, magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), predominating in that order. Ten-day-old seedlings were subjected to five salinity treatments of each water composition, each replicated three times. Electrical conductivities (EC) of the irrigation waters were 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS·m-1. Flowering stems were harvested when about 75% of the ray flowers were nearly horizontal. Stem length and fresh weight, flower and stem diameter were measured. Mineral ion concentrations in upper and lower stems, upper and lower leaves were determined. Sodium was excluded from the young tissues in the upper portions of the shoot and retained in the basal stem tissue. Inasmuch as sunflower is also a strong potassium (K)-accumulator, K+/Na+ selectivity coefficients were unusually high in the younger shoot organs. Despite a five-fold increase in substrate Ca2+ in both solutions, shoot-Ca decreased as salinity increased and this cation was retained in the older leaves. A few of the lower leaves of plants irrigated with ICV waters at EC = 10 dS·m-1 and higher, exhibited necrotic margins which were undoubtedly caused by high concentrations of Cl- in the tissues. Flowering stems produced in all treatments met florist quality standards in terms of diameters for stems (0.5 to 1.5 cm) and blooms (8 to 15 cm). Across treatments, stem lengths ranged from 60 to 175 cm. Both ornamental sunflower cultivars proved to be good candidates for production of marketable flowering stems using moderately saline wastewaters.