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Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a south African setting
Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of this study is t...
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Published in: | PLoS medicine 2006-12, Vol.3 (12), p.2349-2358 |
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description | Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of this study is to present the first cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of MC as an intervention to reduce the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cost-effectiveness was modeled for 1,000 MCs done within a general adult male population. Intervention costs included performing MC and treatment of adverse events. HIV prevalence was estimated from published estimates and incidence among susceptible subjects calculated assuming a steady-state epidemic. Effectiveness was defined as the number of HIV infections averted (HIA), which was estimated by dynamically projecting over 20 years the reduction in HIV incidence observed in the OF trial, including secondary transmission to women. Net savings were calculated with adjustment for the averted lifetime duration cost of HIV treatment. Sensitivity analyses examined the effects of input uncertainty and program coverage. All results were discounted to the present at 3% per year. For Gauteng Province, assuming full coverage of the MC intervention, with a 2005 adult male prevalence of 25.6%, 1,000 circumcisions would avert an estimated 308 (80% CI 189-428) infections over 20 years. The cost is 181 dollars (80% CI 117-306 dollars) per HIA, and net savings are 2.4 million dollars (80% CI 1.3 million to 3.6 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness is sensitive to the costs of MC and of averted HIV treatment, the protective effect of MC, and HIV prevalence. With an HIV prevalence of 8.4%, the cost per HIA is 551 dollars (80% CI 344-1,071 dollars) and net savings are 753,000 (80% CI 0.3 million to 1.2 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness improves by less than 10% when MC intervention coverage is 50% of full coverage.
In settings in sub-Saharan Africa with high or moderate HIV prevalence among the general population, adult MC is likely to be a cost-effective HIV prevention strategy, even when it has a low coverage. MC generates large net savings after adjustment for averted HIV medical costs. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030517 |
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Cost-effectiveness was modeled for 1,000 MCs done within a general adult male population. Intervention costs included performing MC and treatment of adverse events. HIV prevalence was estimated from published estimates and incidence among susceptible subjects calculated assuming a steady-state epidemic. Effectiveness was defined as the number of HIV infections averted (HIA), which was estimated by dynamically projecting over 20 years the reduction in HIV incidence observed in the OF trial, including secondary transmission to women. Net savings were calculated with adjustment for the averted lifetime duration cost of HIV treatment. Sensitivity analyses examined the effects of input uncertainty and program coverage. All results were discounted to the present at 3% per year. For Gauteng Province, assuming full coverage of the MC intervention, with a 2005 adult male prevalence of 25.6%, 1,000 circumcisions would avert an estimated 308 (80% CI 189-428) infections over 20 years. The cost is 181 dollars (80% CI 117-306 dollars) per HIA, and net savings are 2.4 million dollars (80% CI 1.3 million to 3.6 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness is sensitive to the costs of MC and of averted HIV treatment, the protective effect of MC, and HIV prevalence. With an HIV prevalence of 8.4%, the cost per HIA is 551 dollars (80% CI 344-1,071 dollars) and net savings are 753,000 (80% CI 0.3 million to 1.2 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness improves by less than 10% when MC intervention coverage is 50% of full coverage.
In settings in sub-Saharan Africa with high or moderate HIV prevalence among the general population, adult MC is likely to be a cost-effective HIV prevention strategy, even when it has a low coverage. MC generates large net savings after adjustment for averted HIV medical costs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1277</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030517</identifier><identifier>PMID: 17194197</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Adolescent ; Adult ; AIDS ; Biological and medical sciences ; Circumcision ; Circumcision, Male ; Circumcision, Male - economics ; Cost analysis ; Cost control ; Cost Savings ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Disease prevention ; Economic aspects ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Health aspects ; Health care expenditures ; Health Economics ; Health Policy ; HIV ; HIV infection ; HIV Infection/AIDS ; HIV Infections ; HIV Infections - economics ; HIV Infections - prevention & control ; Human health and pathology ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infections ; Infectious Diseases ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Medicine in Developing Countries ; Miscellaneous ; Models, Econometric ; Non-Clinical Medicine ; Prevention ; Prevention and actions ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Public Health ; Public Health and Epidemiology ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sexually transmitted diseases ; South Africa ; STD</subject><ispartof>PLoS medicine, 2006-12, Vol.3 (12), p.2349-2358</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2006 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2006 Kahn et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited: Kahn JG, Marseille E, Auvert B (2006) Cost-Effectiveness of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in a South African Setting. PLoS Med 3(12): e517. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030517</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><rights>2006 Kahn et al. 2006</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c801t-2932384a97e2dc7fdd2fbfff1629c1bc236a0c6d8d689ec247f836c3b85d47383</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c801t-2932384a97e2dc7fdd2fbfff1629c1bc236a0c6d8d689ec247f836c3b85d47383</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1288073785/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1288073785?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,53791,53793,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=18936536$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194197$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://inserm.hal.science/inserm-00700968$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Freedberg, KA</contributor><creatorcontrib>KAHN, J.G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARSEILLE, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>AUVERT, B</creatorcontrib><title>Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a south African setting</title><title>PLoS medicine</title><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><description>Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of this study is to present the first cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of MC as an intervention to reduce the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cost-effectiveness was modeled for 1,000 MCs done within a general adult male population. Intervention costs included performing MC and treatment of adverse events. HIV prevalence was estimated from published estimates and incidence among susceptible subjects calculated assuming a steady-state epidemic. Effectiveness was defined as the number of HIV infections averted (HIA), which was estimated by dynamically projecting over 20 years the reduction in HIV incidence observed in the OF trial, including secondary transmission to women. Net savings were calculated with adjustment for the averted lifetime duration cost of HIV treatment. Sensitivity analyses examined the effects of input uncertainty and program coverage. All results were discounted to the present at 3% per year. For Gauteng Province, assuming full coverage of the MC intervention, with a 2005 adult male prevalence of 25.6%, 1,000 circumcisions would avert an estimated 308 (80% CI 189-428) infections over 20 years. The cost is 181 dollars (80% CI 117-306 dollars) per HIA, and net savings are 2.4 million dollars (80% CI 1.3 million to 3.6 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness is sensitive to the costs of MC and of averted HIV treatment, the protective effect of MC, and HIV prevalence. With an HIV prevalence of 8.4%, the cost per HIA is 551 dollars (80% CI 344-1,071 dollars) and net savings are 753,000 (80% CI 0.3 million to 1.2 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness improves by less than 10% when MC intervention coverage is 50% of full coverage.
In settings in sub-Saharan Africa with high or moderate HIV prevalence among the general population, adult MC is likely to be a cost-effective HIV prevention strategy, even when it has a low coverage. MC generates large net savings after adjustment for averted HIV medical costs.</description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Circumcision</subject><subject>Circumcision, Male</subject><subject>Circumcision, Male - economics</subject><subject>Cost analysis</subject><subject>Cost control</subject><subject>Cost Savings</subject><subject>Cost-Benefit Analysis</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Factor Analysis, Statistical</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health care expenditures</subject><subject>Health Economics</subject><subject>Health Policy</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV infection</subject><subject>HIV Infection/AIDS</subject><subject>HIV Infections</subject><subject>HIV Infections - economics</subject><subject>HIV Infections - prevention & control</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Medicine in Developing Countries</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Models, Econometric</subject><subject>Non-Clinical Medicine</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Prevention and actions</subject><subject>Proportional Hazards Models</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Public Health and Epidemiology</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</subject><subject>Sexually transmitted diseases</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>STD</subject><issn>1549-1277</issn><issn>1549-1676</issn><issn>1549-1676</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVk11v0zAUhiMEYmPwDxBEQkxCIsUfiT9ukKoKaKWKScB2a7mOnXpK4s52Kvj3uDRj69QLkC9inTznPUfv8cmylxBMIKbww7UbfC_byabT9QQADCpIH2WnsCp5AQklj2_viNKT7FkI1wAgDjh4mp1ACnkJOT3NLmcuxEIbo1W0W93rEHJn8k62OlfWq6FTNljX58b5fL64yjdeJyzuQrbPZR7cENf51HirZJ8HHaPtm-fZEyPboF-M37Ps8vOnH7N5sbz4sphNl4ViAMYCcYwwKyWnGtWKmrpGZmWMgQRxBVcKYSKBIjWrCeNaoZIahonCK1bVJcUMn2Wv97qb1gUxOhIERIwBiimrErHYE7WT12LjbSf9L-GkFX8CzjdC-mhVq4Uq6woZiOAKmFJLwmhpACpTVyVBVa2S1sex2rBKpqtkg5ftgejhn96uReO2ItlNIMdJ4P1eYP0gbT5dCtsH7TsBAAWAE7aFCT8f63l3M-gQRWeD0m0re-2GIAhDlCC0A988AI9bUeypJg03lTMuNamaNPPUq-u1sSk8TZ3SCjLGEz85wqdT686qownvDhISE_XP2MghBLH4_u0_2K__zl5cHbLn99i1lm1cB9cOuwcbDsFyDyrvQvDa_B0IBGK3YLceit2CiXHBUtqr-2_gLmncqAS8HQEZlGyNl33aoDsulSYVJvg3UGgsUw</recordid><startdate>20061201</startdate><enddate>20061201</enddate><creator>KAHN, J.G</creator><creator>MARSEILLE, E</creator><creator>AUVERT, B</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><scope>CZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20061201</creationdate><title>Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a south African setting</title><author>KAHN, J.G ; MARSEILLE, E ; AUVERT, B</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c801t-2932384a97e2dc7fdd2fbfff1629c1bc236a0c6d8d689ec247f836c3b85d47383</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2006</creationdate><topic>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>AIDS</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Circumcision</topic><topic>Circumcision, Male</topic><topic>Circumcision, Male - economics</topic><topic>Cost analysis</topic><topic>Cost control</topic><topic>Cost Savings</topic><topic>Cost-Benefit Analysis</topic><topic>Disease prevention</topic><topic>Economic aspects</topic><topic>Factor Analysis, Statistical</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health care expenditures</topic><topic>Health Economics</topic><topic>Health Policy</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV infection</topic><topic>HIV Infection/AIDS</topic><topic>HIV Infections</topic><topic>HIV Infections - economics</topic><topic>HIV Infections - prevention & control</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Medicine in Developing Countries</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Models, Econometric</topic><topic>Non-Clinical Medicine</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Prevention and actions</topic><topic>Proportional Hazards Models</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Public Health and Epidemiology</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</topic><topic>Sexually transmitted diseases</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>STD</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>KAHN, J.G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MARSEILLE, E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>AUVERT, B</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Canada</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><collection>PLoS Medicine</collection><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>KAHN, J.G</au><au>MARSEILLE, E</au><au>AUVERT, B</au><au>Freedberg, KA</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a south African setting</atitle><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><date>2006-12-01</date><risdate>2006</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>2349</spage><epage>2358</epage><pages>2349-2358</pages><issn>1549-1277</issn><issn>1549-1676</issn><eissn>1549-1676</eissn><abstract>Consistent with observational studies, a randomized controlled intervention trial of adult male circumcision (MC) conducted in the general population in Orange Farm (OF) (Gauteng Province, South Africa) demonstrated a protective effect against HIV acquisition of 60%. The objective of this study is to present the first cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of MC as an intervention to reduce the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cost-effectiveness was modeled for 1,000 MCs done within a general adult male population. Intervention costs included performing MC and treatment of adverse events. HIV prevalence was estimated from published estimates and incidence among susceptible subjects calculated assuming a steady-state epidemic. Effectiveness was defined as the number of HIV infections averted (HIA), which was estimated by dynamically projecting over 20 years the reduction in HIV incidence observed in the OF trial, including secondary transmission to women. Net savings were calculated with adjustment for the averted lifetime duration cost of HIV treatment. Sensitivity analyses examined the effects of input uncertainty and program coverage. All results were discounted to the present at 3% per year. For Gauteng Province, assuming full coverage of the MC intervention, with a 2005 adult male prevalence of 25.6%, 1,000 circumcisions would avert an estimated 308 (80% CI 189-428) infections over 20 years. The cost is 181 dollars (80% CI 117-306 dollars) per HIA, and net savings are 2.4 million dollars (80% CI 1.3 million to 3.6 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness is sensitive to the costs of MC and of averted HIV treatment, the protective effect of MC, and HIV prevalence. With an HIV prevalence of 8.4%, the cost per HIA is 551 dollars (80% CI 344-1,071 dollars) and net savings are 753,000 (80% CI 0.3 million to 1.2 million dollars). Cost-effectiveness improves by less than 10% when MC intervention coverage is 50% of full coverage.
In settings in sub-Saharan Africa with high or moderate HIV prevalence among the general population, adult MC is likely to be a cost-effective HIV prevention strategy, even when it has a low coverage. MC generates large net savings after adjustment for averted HIV medical costs.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>17194197</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pmed.0030517</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescent Adult AIDS Biological and medical sciences Circumcision Circumcision, Male Circumcision, Male - economics Cost analysis Cost control Cost Savings Cost-Benefit Analysis Disease prevention Economic aspects Factor Analysis, Statistical Health aspects Health care expenditures Health Economics Health Policy HIV HIV infection HIV Infection/AIDS HIV Infections HIV Infections - economics HIV Infections - prevention & control Human health and pathology Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infections Infectious Diseases Life Sciences Male Medical sciences Medicine in Developing Countries Miscellaneous Models, Econometric Non-Clinical Medicine Prevention Prevention and actions Proportional Hazards Models Public Health Public Health and Epidemiology Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Sexually transmitted diseases South Africa STD |
title | Cost-effectiveness of male circumcision for HIV prevention in a south African setting |
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