Characterization of the humoral immune response during Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and global gene expression by Staphylococcus aureus in human blood

• Published in: PloS one 2013-01, Vol.8 (1), p.e53391-e53391
• Main Authors: den Reijer, Paul Martijn, Lemmens-den Toom, Nicole, Kant, Samantha, Snijders, Susan V, Boelens, Hélène, Tavakol, Mehri, Verkaik, Nelianne J, van Belkum, Alex, Verbrugh, Henri A, van Wamel, Willem J B
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: ABC transporter; Aged; Analysis; Antibodies; Antibodies, Bacterial - blood; Antibodies, Bacterial - immunology; Antigens; Antigens, Bacterial - blood; Antigens, Bacterial - immunology; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - blood; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - genetics; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters - immunology; Bacteremia; Bacteremia - blood; Bacteremia - immunology; Bacteremia - microbiology; Bacterial genetics; Bacterial Proteins - blood; Bacterial Proteins - genetics; Bacterial Proteins - immunology; Biology; Blood; Cytometry; DNA microarrays; Female; Flow cytometry; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genome, Bacterial - immunology; Humans; Immune response; Immune response (humoral); Immune system; Immunity, Humoral; Immunogenicity; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin A - blood; Immunoglobulin A - immunology; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin G - blood; Immunoglobulin G - immunology; Infectious diseases; Iron; Male; Medical research; Middle Aged; Patients; Phylogeny; Proteins; Proteomics; Staphylococcal Infections - blood; Staphylococcal Infections - immunology; Staphylococcal Infections - microbiology; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus aureus - classification; Staphylococcus aureus - genetics; Staphylococcus aureus - immunology; Staphylococcus aureus - isolation & purification; Staphylococcus infections; Studies; Vaccines; Virulence; Virulence factors
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053391

Attempts to develop an efficient anti-staphylococcal vaccine in humans have so far been unsuccessful. Therefore, more knowledge of the antigens that are expressed by Staphylococcus aureus in human blood and induce an immune response in patients is required. In this study we further characterize the serial levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against 56 staphylococcal antigens in multiple serum samples of 21 patients with a S. aureus bacteremia, compare peak IgG levels between patients and 30 non-infected controls, and analyze the expression of 3626 genes by two genetically distinct isolates in human blood. The serum antibody levels were measured using a bead-based flow cytometry technique (xMAP®, Luminex corporation). Gene expression levels were analyzed using a microarray (BµG@s microarray). The initial levels and time taken to reach peak IgG and IgA antibody levels were heterogeneous in bacteremia patients. The antigen SA0688 was associated with the highest median initial-to-peak antibody fold-increase for IgG (5.05-fold) and the second highest increase for IgA (2.07-fold). Peak IgG levels against 27 antigens, including the antigen SA0688, were significantly elevated in bacteremia patients versus controls (P≤0.05). Expression of diverse genes, including SA0688, was ubiquitously high in both isolates at all time points during incubation in blood. However, only a limited number of genes were specifically up- or downregulated in both isolates when cultured in blood, compared to the start of incubation in blood or during incubation in BHI broth. In conclusion, most staphylococcal antigens tested in this study, including many known virulence factors, do not induce uniform increases in the antibody levels in bacteremia patients. In addition, the expression of these antigens by S. aureus is not significantly altered by incubation in human blood over time. One immunogenic and ubiquitously expressed antigen is the putative iron-regulated ABC transporter SA0688.