Addison's disease symptoms--a cross sectional study in urban South Africa

• Published in: PloS one 2013-01, Vol.8 (1), p.e53526-e53526
• Main Authors: Ross, Ian Louis, Levitt, Naomi S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Addison Disease - diagnosis; Addison Disease - ethnology; Addison Disease - pathology; Adolescent; Adrenal glands; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoimmune diseases; Biology; Body weight loss; Child; Child, Preschool; Confidence intervals; Continental Population Groups; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demographics; Diabetes; Diagnosis; Disease control; Endocrine disorders; Endocrinology; Ethics; Family physicians; Female; Health aspects; Health care; Hormones; Hospitals; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Hyperpigmentation - pathology; Life span; Male; Medical referrals; Medical research; Medicine; Middle Aged; Nausea; Nausea - pathology; Patients; Physicians; Prevalence; South Africa - epidemiology; Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Urban Population; Vomiting; Vomiting - pathology; Weight Loss
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053526

Addison's disease is a potentially life-threatening disorder, and prompt diagnosis, and introduction of steroid replacement has resulted in near normal life-expectancy. There are limited data describing the clinical presentation of Addison's disease in South Africa. It is hypothesised that patients may present in advanced state of ill-health, compared to Western countries. A national database of patients was compiled from primary care, referral centres and private practices. 148 patients were enrolled (97 white, 34 mixed ancestry, 5 Asian and 12 black). Demographic and clinical data were elicited using questionnaires. Biochemical data were obtained from folder reviews and laboratory archived results. The majority of the cohort was women (62%). The median and inter-quartile age range (IQR) of patients at enrolment was 46.0 (32.0-61.0) years, with a wide range from 2.8-88.0 years. The median and IQR age at initial diagnosis was 34.0 (20.0-45.0) years (range 0.02-77.0) years, indicating that at the time of enrolment, the patients, on average, were diagnosed with Addison's disease 12 years previously. Hyperpigmentation was observed in 76%, nausea and vomiting occurred in more than 40%, and weight loss was noted in 25%. Loss of consciousness as a presenting feature was recorded in 20%. with a 95% confidence interval [CI] of (14-28%) and shock occurred in 5% CI (1.5-8.5%). Case-finding was recorded at 3.1 per million. The usual constellation of hyperpigmentation, nausea, vomiting and weight loss suggests Addison's disease, but a significant proportion present with an advanced state of ill-health and Addisonian crises. A lower prevalence rate, compared to Western countries is suggested.