A large and intact viral particle penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to reach the cytosol

• Published in: PLoS pathogens 2011-05, Vol.7 (5), p.e1002037-e1002037
• Main Authors: Inoue, Takamasa, Tsai, Billy
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biological Transport; Biology; Capsid Proteins - metabolism; Cell Line; Cells; Cercopithecus aethiops; Chemical bonds; Coats; Cytosol; Cytosol - metabolism; Cytosol - ultrastructure; Cytosol - virology; Data processing; Disulfide bonds; Disulfides - metabolism; DNA probes; Endoplasmic reticulum; Endoplasmic Reticulum - metabolism; Endoplasmic Reticulum - ultrastructure; Endoplasmic Reticulum - virology; Genome, Viral - genetics; Genomes; Immunoprecipitation; Infection; Intracellular Membranes - metabolism; Intracellular Membranes - virology; Lipid bilayers; Lipid Bilayers - metabolism; Membranes; Microscopy, Electron; Models, Biological; Molecular modelling; Pathogens; Permeability; Physiological aspects; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex - metabolism; proteasomes; Protein transport; Proteins; RNA, Small Interfering; Simian virus 40; Simian virus 40 - chemistry; Simian virus 40 - genetics; Simian virus 40 - physiology; Simian virus 40 - ultrastructure; Simian viruses; Studies; Viral infections; Virion - chemistry; Virion - genetics; Virion - physiology; Virion - ultrastructure; Viruses; VP1 protein; VP3 protein
• ISSN: 1553-7374; 1553-7366; 1553-7374
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002037

Non-enveloped viruses penetrate host membranes to infect cells. A cell-based assay was used to probe the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-cytosol membrane transport of the non-enveloped SV40. We found that, upon ER arrival, SV40 is released into the lumen and undergoes sequential disulfide bond disruptions to reach the cytosol. However, despite these ER-dependent conformational changes, SV40 crosses the ER membrane as a large and intact particle consisting of the VP1 coat, the internal components VP2, VP3, and the genome. This large particle subsequently disassembles in the cytosol. Mutant virus and inhibitor studies demonstrate VP3 and likely the viral genome, as well as cellular proteasome, control ER-to-cytosol transport. Our results identify the sequence of events, as well as virus and host components, that regulate ER membrane penetration. They also suggest that the ER membrane supports passage of a large particle, potentially through either a sizeable protein-conducting channel or the lipid bilayer.