Diversity among African pygmies

Although dissimilarities in cranial and post-cranial morphology among African pygmies groups have been recognized, comparative studies on skull morphology usually pull all pygmies together assuming that morphological characters are similar among them and different with respect to other populations....

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Published in:PloS one 2010-10, Vol.5 (10), p.e13620-e13620
Main Authors: Ramírez Rozzi, Fernando V, Sardi, Marina L
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Africa
Biological anthropology
Biology
Comparative studies
Data collection
Differentiation
Divergence
Equatorial regions
Ethnic Groups
Evolutionary Biology/Developmental Evolution
Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary Ecology
Evolutionary Biology/Human Evolution
Geometry
Hominids
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Hypotheses
Morphology
Multivariate Analysis
Neolithic
Populations
Rainforests
Regression analysis
Skull
Skull - anatomy & histology
Studies
Variance analysis
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Sardi, Marina L
description Although dissimilarities in cranial and post-cranial morphology among African pygmies groups have been recognized, comparative studies on skull morphology usually pull all pygmies together assuming that morphological characters are similar among them and different with respect to other populations. The main aim of this study is to compare cranial morphology between African pygmies and non-pygmies populations from Equatorial Africa derived from both the Eastern and the Western regions in order to test if the greatest morphological difference is obtained in the comparison between pygmies and non-pygmies. Thirty three-dimensional (3D) landmarks registered with Microscribe in four cranial samples (Western and Eastern pygmies and non-pygmies) were obtained. Multivariate analysis (generalized Procrustes analysis, Mahalanobis distances, multivariate regression) and complementary dimensions of size were evaluated with ANOVA and post hoc LSD. Results suggest that important cranial shape differentiation does occur between pygmies and non-pygmies but also between Eastern and Western populations and that size changes and allometries do not affect similarly Eastern and Western pygmies. Therefore, our findings raise serious doubt about the fact to consider African pygmies as a homogenous group in studies on skull morphology. Differences in cranial morphology among pygmies would suggest differentiation after divergence. Although not directly related to skull differentiation, the diversity among pygmies would probably suggest that the process responsible for reduced stature occurred after the split of the ancestors of modern Eastern and Western pygmies.
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subjects Africa
Biological anthropology
Biology
Comparative studies
Data collection
Differentiation
Divergence
Equatorial regions
Ethnic Groups
Evolutionary Biology/Developmental Evolution
Evolutionary Biology/Evolutionary Ecology
Evolutionary Biology/Human Evolution
Geometry
Hominids
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Hypotheses
Morphology
Multivariate Analysis
Neolithic
Populations
Rainforests
Regression analysis
Skull
Skull - anatomy & histology
Studies
Variance analysis
title Diversity among African pygmies
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