Association of educational, occupational and socioeconomic status with cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indians: a cross-sectional study

• Published in: PloS one 2012-08, Vol.7 (8), p.e44098
• Main Authors: Gupta, Rajeev, Deedwania, Prakash C, Sharma, Krishnakumar, Gupta, Arvind, Guptha, Soneil, Achari, Vijay, Asirvatham, Arthur J, Bhansali, Anil, Gupta, Balkishan, Gupta, Sunil, Jali, Mallikarjuna V, Mahanta, Tulika G, Maheshwari, Anuj, Saboo, Banshi, Singh, Jitendra, Gupta, Rajiv
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Asian Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data; Asians; Blood pressure; Body weight; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology; Cholesterol; Chronic illnesses; Clustering; Cohort Studies; Confidence intervals; Correlation analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demographics; Demography; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diet; Education; Educational aspects; Educational attainment; Educational Status; Epidemiology; Exercise; Female; Gender differences; Health risk assessment; Health risks; High density lipoprotein; High fat diet; Hip; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Hypertriglyceridemia; India - epidemiology; Life Style; Male; Medicine; Metabolic syndrome; Middle Aged; Mortality; Obesity; Occupations - statistics & numerical data; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Physical activity; Prevalence; Risk analysis; Risk Factors; Smoking; Social Class; Social classes; Socioeconomic factors; Socioeconomic status; Socioeconomics; Statistical analysis; Tobacco; Triglycerides; Vegetables
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044098

To determine correlation of multiple parameters of socioeconomic status with cardiovascular risk factors in India. The study was performed at eleven cities using cluster sampling. Subjects (n = 6198, men 3426, women 2772) were evaluated for socioeconomic, demographic, biophysical and biochemical factors. They were classified into low, medium and high socioeconomic groups based on educational level (15 yr formal education), occupational class and socioeconomic scale. Risk factor differences were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression. Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of risk factors in men and women was overweight or obesity in 41.1 and 45.2, obesity 8.3 and 15.8, high waist circumference 35.7 and 57.5, high waist-hip ratio 69.0 and 83.8, hypertension 32.5 and 30.4, hypercholesterolemia 24.8 and 25.3, low HDL cholesterol 34.1 and 35.1, high triglycerides 41.2 and 31.5, diabetes 16.7 and 14.4 and metabolic syndrome in 32.2 and 40.4 percent. Lifestyle factors were smoking 12.0 and 0.5, other tobacco use 12.7 and 6.3, high fat intake 51.2 and 48.2, low fruits/vegetables intake 25.3 and 28.9, and physical inactivity in 38.8 and 46.1%. Prevalence of > = 3 risk factors was significantly greater in low (28.0%) vs. middle (23.9%) or high (22.1%) educational groups (p = 3 major cardiovascular risk factors.