The response of dark septate endophytes (DSE) to heavy metals in pure culture

• Published in: PloS one 2012-10, Vol.7 (10), p.e47968
• Main Authors: Ban, Yihui, Tang, Ming, Chen, Hui, Xu, Zhouying, Zhang, Haihan, Yang, Yurong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Antioxidants; Antioxidants (Nutrients); Antioxidants - metabolism; Aspergillus niger; Astragalus Plant - microbiology; Axenic Culture; Biology; Catalase - metabolism; Cell culture; Cell walls; Chemistry; Coiling; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA sequencing; DNA, Fungal - genetics; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer - genetics; Endophytes; Endophytes - drug effects; Endophytes - genetics; Endophytes - growth & development; Endophytes - metabolism; Environmental impact; Enzymes; Flowers & plants; Fungal Proteins - metabolism; Fungi; Glutathione; Glutathione - metabolism; Hazards; Heavy metals; Hyphae; Hyphae - drug effects; Hyphae - genetics; Hyphae - growth & development; Hyphae - metabolism; Lead; Lead - pharmacology; Life sciences; Melanin; Melanins - metabolism; Metals; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mine tailings; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Typing; Morphology; Mycological Typing Techniques; Nucleotide sequence; Oxidative stress; Phylogeny; Physical characteristics; Pure culture; Saccharomycetales - drug effects; Saccharomycetales - genetics; Saccharomycetales - growth & development; Saccharomycetales - metabolism; Scanning electron microscopy; Seedlings; Soil contamination; Soil Pollutants - pharmacology; Stress, Physiological; Studies; Superoxide dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism; Superoxides; Toxicity; Zinc; Zinc mining
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047968

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) occur widely in association with plants exposed to heavy metal stress. However, little is known about the response of DSE exposed to heavy metals. In this study, five DSE were isolated from the roots of Astragalus adsurgens Pall. seedlings growing on lead-zinc mine tailings in China. Based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analyses, the isolates were identified as Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus, Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, Phialophora mustea, Exophiala salmonis, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. G. cylindrosporus was selected to explore responses to Pb stress. Scanning electron microscopic observations of G. cylindrosporus grown on solid medium revealed curling of hyphae and formation of hyphal coils in response to Pb. In contrast, in liquid medium, hyphae became thick and swollen with an increase in Pb (II) concentration. We interpret that these changes are related to the variation in cell wall components. We also demonstrated that fungal melanin content increased with the addition of Pb(II). Melanin, as an important component in the cell wall, is known to be an essential antioxidant responsible for decreasing heavy metal toxicity. We also measured the total soluble protein content and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in G. cylindrosporus and found that they initially increased and then decreased with the increase of Pb(II) concentrations. The antioxidant enzyme activities were also examined, and the results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly positively correlated with Pb(II) concentrations (r = 0.957, P