Fruit and seed anatomy of Chenopodium and related genera (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae): implications for evolution and taxonomy

A comparative carpological study of 96 species of all clades formerly considered as the tribe Chenopodieae has been conducted for the first time. The results show important differences in the anatomical structure of the pericarp and seed coat between representatives of terminal clades including Chen...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2013-04, Vol.8 (4), p.e61906-e61906
Main Authors: Sukhorukov, Alexander P, Zhang, Mingli
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae - anatomy & histology
Amaranthaceae - classification
Arid zones
Biogeography
Biological Evolution
Biology
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae - anatomy & histology
Chenopodiaceae - classification
Chenopodium
Chenopodium - anatomy & histology
Chenopodium - classification
Ethanol
Evolution
Flowers & plants
Fruit - classification
Fruit - ultrastructure
Fruits
Fruits (Food)
Genera
Laboratories
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Morphology
Pericarp
Phylogeny
Plant evolution
Plant sciences
Protoplasts - classification
Protoplasts - ultrastructure
Seed coats
Seeds
Seeds - classification
Seeds - ultrastructure
Taxa
Taxonomy
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Summary:A comparative carpological study of 96 species of all clades formerly considered as the tribe Chenopodieae has been conducted for the first time. The results show important differences in the anatomical structure of the pericarp and seed coat between representatives of terminal clades including Chenopodium s.str.+Chenopodiastrum and the recently recognized genera Blitum, Oxybasis and Dysphania. Within Chenopodium the most significant changes in fruit and seed structure are found in members of C. sect. Skottsbergia. The genera Rhagodia and Einadia differ insignificantly from Chenopodium. The evolution of heterospermy in Chenopodium is discussed. Almost all representatives of the tribe Dysphanieae are clearly separated from other Chenopodioideae on the basis of a diverse set of characteristics, including the small dimensions of the fruits (especially in Australian taxa), their subglobose shape (excl. Teloxys and Suckleya), and peculiarities of the pericarp indumentum. The set of fruit and seed characters evolved within the subfamily Chenopodioideae is described. A recent phylogenetic hypothesis is employed to examine the evolution of three (out of a total of 21) characters, namely seed color, testa-cell protoplast characteristics and embryo orientation.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0061906