Seasonal Changes in Endotoxin Exposure and Its Relationship to Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Levels in Atopic and Healthy Children

• Published in: PloS one 2013-06, Vol.8 (6), p.e66785
• Main Authors: Wan, Gwo-Hwa, Yan, Dah-Chin, Tung, Tao-Hsin, Tang, Chin-Sheng, Liu, Chiu-Hsin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis; Air quality; Air quality measurements; Allergic rhinitis; Allergies; Allergy; Annual variations; Asthma; Atopy; Bacteria; Biology; Breath Tests; Carbon dioxide; Cell walls; Child; Childhood asthma; Children; Condensates; Contaminants; Disease prevention; Diseases; Dust; Education; Endotoxins - analysis; Exposure; Female; Floors and Floorcoverings; Gram-negative bacteria; Health care; Histamine; Hospitals; House dust; Houses; Humans; Hydrogen ions; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Immediate - chemically induced; Indoor air; Indoor air pollution; Indoor air quality; Indoor environments; Inflammation; Inflammatory response; Lung diseases; Male; Medicine; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - analysis; Nose; Pediatrics; pH effects; Prevention programs; Pulmonary functions; Respiratory diseases; Respiratory function; Rhinitis; Seasonal variations; Seasons; Studies; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066785

Endotoxin, a component of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria, is a contaminant in organic dusts (house dust) and aerosols. In humans, small amounts of endotoxin may cause a local inflammatory response. Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) levels, an inflammation indicator, are associated with the pH values of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This study evaluated seasonal changes on indoor endotoxin concentrations in homes and the relationships between endotoxin exposure and eNO/EBC pH levels for healthy children and children with allergy-related respiratory diseases. In total, 34 children with allergy-related respiratory diseases and 24 healthy children were enrolled. Indoor air quality measurements and dust sample analysis for endotoxin were conducted once each season inside 58 surveyed homes. The eNO, EBC pH levels, and pulmonary function of the children were also determined. The highest endotoxin concentrations were on kitchen floors of homes of children with allergy-related respiratory diseases and healthy children, and on bedroom floors of homes of asthmatic children and healthy children. Seasonal changes existed in endotoxin concentrations in dust samples from homes of children with allergic rhinitis, with or without asthma, and in EBC pH values among healthy children and those with allergy-related respiratory diseases. Strong relationships existed between endotoxin exposure and EBC pH values in children with allergic rhinitis.