An NO donor approach to neuroprotective and procognitive estrogen therapy overcomes loss of NO synthase function and potentially thrombotic risk

• Published in: PloS one 2013-08, Vol.8 (8), p.e70740
• Main Authors: VandeVrede, Lawren, Abdelhamid, Ramy, Qin, Zhihui, Choi, Jaewoo, Piyankarage, Sujeewa, Luo, Jia, Larson, John, Bennett, Brian M, Thatcher, Gregory R J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Animals; Anticoagulants; Anticoagulants - pharmacology; Antiestrogens; Aorta; Biology; Breast cancer; Cell Hypoxia; Chemistry; Cognition; Cognitive ability; Denudation; Deprivation; Endothelium; Estrogen antagonists; Estrogen Receptor alpha - metabolism; Estrogen Receptor beta - metabolism; Estrogen receptors; Estrogens; Fractures; G protein-coupled receptors; Genetic engineering; Glucose - deficiency; Health risks; Hippocampus; Hormone replacement therapy; Long-term potentiation; Male; Medicine; Memory; Memory - drug effects; Mice; Modulators; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuromodulation; Neurons - cytology; Neurons - drug effects; Neurons - metabolism; Neuroprotection; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; Nitric Oxide Donors - pharmacology; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III - antagonists & inhibitors; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III - metabolism; Nitric-oxide synthase; Nootropic Agents - pharmacology; Oxygen; Pharmacology; Phenols (Class of compounds); Piperidines - pharmacology; Primary Cell Culture; Rats; Receptors; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - antagonists & inhibitors; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism; Restoration; Risk; RNA, Small Interfering - genetics; RNA, Small Interfering - metabolism; Rodents; Selective estrogen receptor modulators; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators - pharmacology; Therapy; Thiophenes - pharmacology; Transgenic mice; Vasodilation; Vasodilation - drug effects; Vasodilator agents; Vertebrae; Xenoestrogens
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070740

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are effective therapeutics that preserve favorable actions of estrogens on bone and act as antiestrogens in breast tissue, decreasing the risk of vertebral fractures and breast cancer, but their potential in neuroprotective and procognitive therapy is limited by: 1) an increased lifetime risk of thrombotic events; and 2) an attenuated response to estrogens with age, sometimes linked to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. Herein, three 3(rd) generation SERMs with similar high affinity for estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) were studied: desmethylarzoxifene (DMA), FDMA, and a novel NO-donating SERM (NO-DMA). Neuroprotection was studied in primary rat neurons exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation; reversal of cholinergic cognitive deficit was studied in mice in a behavioral model of memory; long term potentiation (LTP), underlying cognition, was measured in hippocampal slices from older 3×Tg Alzheimer's transgenic mice; vasodilation was measured in rat aortic strips; and anticoagulant activity was compared. Pharmacologic blockade of GPR30 and NOS; denudation of endothelium; measurement of NO; and genetic knockout of eNOS were used to probe mechanism. Comparison of the three chemical probes indicates key roles for GPR30 and eNOS in mediating therapeutic activity. Procognitive, vasodilator and anticoagulant activities of DMA were found to be eNOS dependent, while neuroprotection and restoration of LTP were both shown to be dependent upon GPR30, a G-protein coupled receptor mediating estrogenic function. Finally, the observation that an NO-SERM shows enhanced vasodilation and anticoagulant activity, while retaining the positive attributes of SERMs even in the presence of NOS dysfunction, indicates a potential therapeutic approach without the increased risk of thrombotic events.