Human papillomavirus prevalence in a population of women living in Port-au-Prince and Leogane, Haiti

• Published in: PloS one 2013-10, Vol.8 (10), p.e76110
• Main Authors: Walmer, David K, Eder, Paul S, Bell, Laura, Salim, Hiam, Kobayashi, Lori, Ndirangu, Jackie, Tinfo, Nicole, Castle, Philip E
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Age; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Cancer; Cancer research; Cancer screening; Carcinogens; Cellular biology; Cervical cancer; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia - epidemiology; Cervix; Colposcopy; Confidence intervals; Consent; Disease prevention; Female; Genotype; Genotype & phenotype; Genotypes; Haiti - epidemiology; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Human papillomavirus; Humans; Infections; Lesions; Medical diagnosis; Medical screening; Middle Aged; Mortality; Papillomaviridae - genetics; Papillomavirus; Papillomavirus infections; Papillomavirus Infections - epidemiology; Population; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexual partners; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - epidemiology; Vaccines; Womens health
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076110

There have been no published studies of carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)--the necessary cause of cervical cancer--in Haiti, a nation that has one of the greatest burdens of cervical cancer globally. Characterize prevalence of carcinogenic HPV and the prevalence of individual carcinogenic HPV genotypes in women with cervical precancer or cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or more severe (CIN2+). Women (n=9,769; aged 25-60 years) were screened for carcinogenic HPV by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD). Carcinogenic HPV positives underwent colposcopy and visible lesions were biopsied. A subset of carcinogenic HPV positives was tested for individual HPV genotypes using a GP5+/6+ assay. The prevalence of carcinogenic HPV was 19.0% (95% confidence interval: 18.4%-19.9%) and decreased with increasing age (ptrend < 0.001). Women with 3 or more sexual partners and who started sex before the age of 18 years had twice the age-adjusted prevalence of carcinogenic HPV of women with one partner and who started sex after the age of 21 (24.3% vs. 12.9%, respectively). HPV16 and HPV35 were the most common HPV genotypes detected in CIN2+ and more common in women with CIN2+ than those without CIN2+. HPV16 and/or HPV18 were detected in 21.0% of CIN2 (n = 42), 46.2% of CIN3 (n = 52), and 80% of cancers (n = 5). The prevalence of carcinogenic HPV in Haiti was much greater than the prevalence in other Latin American countries. High carcinogenic HPV prevalence and a lack of cervical cancer screening may explain the high burden of cervical cancer in Haiti.