TLR 2 and 4 responsiveness from isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rats and humans as potential chronic pain biomarkers

• Published in: PloS one 2013, Vol.8 (10), p.e77799-e77799
• Main Authors: Kwok, Yuen H, Tuke, Jonathan, Nicotra, Lauren L, Grace, Peter M, Rolan, Paul E, Hutchinson, Mark R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Animal models; Animal tissues; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biomarkers; Biomarkers - metabolism; Blood; Brain research; Chronic fatigue syndrome; Chronic pain; Chronic Pain - diagnosis; Chronic Pain - immunology; Chronic Pain - metabolism; Cohort Studies; Computer simulation; Cytokines; Discipline; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Headaches; Humans; Hyperalgesia - diagnosis; Hyperalgesia - metabolism; IL-1β; Immune response; Immune system; Interleukin-1beta - metabolism; Laboratory animals; Leukocytes (mononuclear); Leukocytes, Mononuclear - cytology; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - immunology; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism; Male; Mathematical models; Middle Aged; Neurosciences; Pain; Pain management; Pain Measurement; Pain perception; Patients; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Pharmacology; Population (statistical); Prognosis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rodents; Spinal cord; Spinal Cord - cytology; Spinal Cord - immunology; Spinal Cord - metabolism; Statistical analysis; Statistical models; Surgery; TLR2 protein; TLR4 protein; Toll-Like Receptor 2 - agonists; Toll-Like Receptor 2 - immunology; Toll-Like Receptor 2 - metabolism; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - agonists; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - immunology; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - metabolism; Toll-like receptors
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077799

Chronic pain patients have increased peripheral blood mononuclear cell Interkeukin-1β production following TLR2 and TLR4 simulation. Here we have used a human-to-rat and rat-to-human approach to further investigate whether peripheral blood immune responses to TLR agonists might be suitable for development as possible systems biomarkers of chronic pain in humans. Study 1: using a graded model of chronic constriction injury in rats, behavioral allodynia was assessed followed by in vitro quantification of TLR2 and TLR4 agonist-induced stimulation of IL-1β release by PBMCs and spinal cord tissues (n = 42; 6 rats per group). Statistical models were subsequently developed using the IL-1β responses, which distinguished the pain/no pain states and predicted the degree of allodynia. Study 2: the rat-derived statistical models were tested to assess their predictive utility in determining the pain status of a published human cohort that consists of a heterogeneous clinical pain population (n = 19) and a pain-free population (n = 11). The predictive ability of one of the rat models was able to distinguish pain patients from controls with a ROC AUC of 0.94. The rat model was used to predict the presence of pain in a new chronic pain cohort and was able to accurately predict the presence of pain in 28 out of the 34 chronic pain participants. These clinical findings confirm our previous discoveries of the involvement of the peripheral immune system in chronic pain. Given that these findings are reflected in the prospective graded rat data, it suggests that the TLR response from peripheral blood and spinal cord were related to pain and these clinical findings do indeed act as system biomarkers for the chronic pain state. Hence, they provide additional impetus to the neuroimmune interaction to be a drug target for chronic pain.