Resistance to antibiotics of clinical relevance in the fecal microbiota of Mexican wildlife

• Published in: PloS one 2014-09, Vol.9 (9), p.e107719-e107719
• Main Authors: Cristóbal-Azkarate, Jurgi, Dunn, Jacob C, Day, Jennifer M W, Amábile-Cuevas, Carlos F
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Abundance; Alouatta; Alouatta palliata; Animal behavior; Animals; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Ateles geoffroyi; Atelinae; Bacteria; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biology and Life Sciences; Drug resistance; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; E coli; Enterobacter - drug effects; Enterobacter - genetics; Enterobacter - isolation & purification; Escherichia coli; Fecal microflora; Feces; Feces - microbiology; Felidae; Health aspects; Health risks; Human influences; Leopardus pardalis; Mexico; Microbial drug resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Monkey Diseases - microbiology; Monkeys; Monkeys & apes; Panthera onca; Population density; Public health; Puma; Puma concolor; Puma yagouaroundi; Tapiridae; Tapirus bairdii; Terrestrial environments; Wildlife
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107719

There are a growing number of reports of antibiotic resistance (ATBR) in bacteria living in wildlife. This is a cause for concern as ATBR in wildlife represents a potential public health threat. However, little is known about the factors that might determine the presence, abundance and dispersion of ATBR bacteria in wildlife. Here, we used culture and molecular methods to assess ATBR in bacteria in fecal samples from howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) and felids (jaguars, Panthera onca; pumas, Puma concolor; jaguarundis, Puma yagouaroundi; and ocelots, Leopardus pardalis) living freely in two regions of the Mexican state of Veracruz under different degrees of human influence. Overall, our study shows that ATBR is commonplace in bacteria isolated from wildlife in southeast Mexico. Most of the resistances were towards old and naturally occurring antibiotics, but we also observed resistances of potential clinical significance. We found that proximity to humans positively affected the presence of ATBR and that ATBR was higher in terrestrial than arboreal species. We also found evidence suggesting different terrestrial and aerial routes for the transmission of ATBR between humans and wildlife. The prevalence and potential ATBR transfer mechanisms between humans and wildlife observed in this study highlight the need for further studies to identify the factors that might determine ATBR presence, abundance and distribution.