Evidence for chronic low-grade systemic inflammation in individuals with agoraphobia from a population-based prospective study

• Published in: PloS one 2015-04, Vol.10 (4), p.e0123757-e0123757
• Main Authors: Wagner, En-Young N, Wagner, Jan T, Glaus, Jennifer, Vandeleur, Caroline L, Castelao, Enrique, Strippoli, Marie-Pierre F, Vollenweider, Peter, Preisig, Martin, von Känel, Roland
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Agoraphobia; Agoraphobia - complications; Agoraphobia - pathology; Alcohol use; Alcohols; Analysis; Anxiety; Atherosclerosis; Blood glucose; Body mass; Body mass index; Body size; C-reactive protein; Cardiovascular diseases; Cholesterol; Chronic Disease; Coronary heart disease; Correlation analysis; Demographics; Dependence; Diagnosis; Disorders; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health risks; Heart diseases; Humans; Hypertension; IL-1β; Inflammation; Inflammation - complications; Inflammation - pathology; Interleukins; Longitudinal studies; Male; Markers; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Population-based studies; Post traumatic stress disorder; Prospective Studies; Proteins; Regression models; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Smoking; Socioeconomics
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123757

Anxiety disorders have been linked to an increased risk of incident coronary heart disease in which inflammation plays a key pathogenic role. To date, no studies have looked at the association between proinflammatory markers and agoraphobia. In a random Swiss population sample of 2890 persons (35-67 years, 53% women), we diagnosed a total of 124 individuals (4.3%) with agoraphobia using a validated semi-structured psychiatric interview. We also assessed socioeconomic status, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., body mass index, hypertension, blood glucose levels, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio), and health behaviors (i.e., smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), and other major psychiatric diseases (other anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, drug dependence) which were treated as covariates in linear regression models. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers, statistically controlled for the baseline demographic and health-related measures, were determined at a mean follow-up of 5.5 ± 0.4 years (range 4.7 - 8.5). Individuals with agoraphobia had significantly higher follow-up levels of C-reactive protein (p = 0.007) and tumor-necrosis-factor-α (p = 0.042) as well as lower levels of the cardioprotective marker adiponectin (p = 0.032) than their non-agoraphobic counterparts. Follow-up levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 did not significantly differ between the two groups. Our results suggest an increase in chronic low-grade inflammation in agoraphobia over time. Such a mechanism might link agoraphobia with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, and needs to be tested in longitudinal studies.