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Effect of Maximal Apnoea Easy-Going and Struggle Phases on Subarachnoid Width and Pial Artery Pulsation in Elite Breath-Hold Divers

The aim of the study was to assess changes in subarachnoid space width (sas-TQ), the marker of intracranial pressure (ICP), pial artery pulsation (cc-TQ) and cardiac contribution to blood pressure (BP), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cc-TQ oscillations throughout the maximal breath hold in...

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Published in:PloS one 2015-08, Vol.10 (8), p.e0135429-e0135429
Main Authors: Winklewski, Pawel J, Barak, Otto, Madden, Dennis, Gruszecka, Agnieszka, Gruszecki, Marcin, Guminski, Wojciech, Kot, Jacek, Frydrychowski, Andrzej F, Drvis, Ivan, Dujic, Zeljko
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-9ef295189388c19a73599a52363e02d25a23114145981c58aaa16086b8920ba83
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-9ef295189388c19a73599a52363e02d25a23114145981c58aaa16086b8920ba83
container_end_page e0135429
container_issue 8
container_start_page e0135429
container_title PloS one
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creator Winklewski, Pawel J
Barak, Otto
Madden, Dennis
Gruszecka, Agnieszka
Gruszecki, Marcin
Guminski, Wojciech
Kot, Jacek
Frydrychowski, Andrzej F
Drvis, Ivan
Dujic, Zeljko
description The aim of the study was to assess changes in subarachnoid space width (sas-TQ), the marker of intracranial pressure (ICP), pial artery pulsation (cc-TQ) and cardiac contribution to blood pressure (BP), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cc-TQ oscillations throughout the maximal breath hold in elite apnoea divers. Non-invasive assessment of sas-TQ and cc-TQ became possible due to recently developed method based on infrared radiation, called near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS). The experimental group consisted of seven breath-hold divers (six men). During testing, each participant performed a single maximal end-inspiratory breath hold. Apnoea consisted of the easy-going and struggle phases (characterised by involuntary breathing movements (IBMs)). Heart rate (HR) was determined using a standard ECG. BP was assessed using the photoplethysmography method. SaO2 was monitored continuously with pulse oximetry. A pneumatic chest belt was used to register thoracic and abdominal movements. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was estimated by a 2-MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasonic probe. sas-TQ and cc-TQ were measured using NIR-T/BSS. Wavelet transform analysis was performed to assess cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations. Mean BP and CBFV increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and were further augmented by IBMs. cc-TQ increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and remained stable during the IBMs. HR did not change significantly throughout the apnoea, although a trend toward a decrease during the easy phase and recovery during the IBMs was visible. Amplitudes of BP, CBFV and cc-TQ were augmented. sas-TQ and SaO2 decreased at the easy phase of apnoea and further decreased during the IBMs. Apnoea increases intracranial pressure and pial artery pulsation. Pial artery pulsation seems to be stabilised by the IBMs. Cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations does not change throughout the apnoea.
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0135429
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Pial artery pulsation seems to be stabilised by the IBMs. Cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations does not change throughout the apnoea.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Apnea</subject><subject>Backscattering</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood flow</subject><subject>Blood Flow Velocity - physiology</subject><subject>Blood Pressure</subject><subject>Breath Holding</subject><subject>Breathing</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Cerebral Arteries - physiology</subject><subject>Cerebral blood flow</subject><subject>Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology</subject><subject>Doppler effect</subject><subject>Echocardiography</subject><subject>EKG</subject><subject>Electrocardiography</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Flow velocity</subject><subject>Healthy Volunteers</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Heart Rate</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>I.R. radiation</subject><subject>Informatics</subject><subject>Infrared radiation</subject><subject>Intracranial pressure</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Near infrared radiation</subject><subject>Oscillations</subject><subject>Oximetry</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Pial artery</subject><subject>Probes</subject><subject>Pulsation</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Sleep</subject><subject>Sleep apnea</subject><subject>Sleep disorders</subject><subject>Subarachnoid space</subject><subject>Subarachnoid Space - physiology</subject><subject>Thorax</subject><subject>Ultrasonic scanners</subject><subject>Ultrasound</subject><subject>Veins &amp; 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Non-invasive assessment of sas-TQ and cc-TQ became possible due to recently developed method based on infrared radiation, called near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS). The experimental group consisted of seven breath-hold divers (six men). During testing, each participant performed a single maximal end-inspiratory breath hold. Apnoea consisted of the easy-going and struggle phases (characterised by involuntary breathing movements (IBMs)). Heart rate (HR) was determined using a standard ECG. BP was assessed using the photoplethysmography method. SaO2 was monitored continuously with pulse oximetry. A pneumatic chest belt was used to register thoracic and abdominal movements. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was estimated by a 2-MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasonic probe. sas-TQ and cc-TQ were measured using NIR-T/BSS. Wavelet transform analysis was performed to assess cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations. Mean BP and CBFV increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and were further augmented by IBMs. cc-TQ increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and remained stable during the IBMs. HR did not change significantly throughout the apnoea, although a trend toward a decrease during the easy phase and recovery during the IBMs was visible. Amplitudes of BP, CBFV and cc-TQ were augmented. sas-TQ and SaO2 decreased at the easy phase of apnoea and further decreased during the IBMs. Apnoea increases intracranial pressure and pial artery pulsation. Pial artery pulsation seems to be stabilised by the IBMs. Cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations does not change throughout the apnoea.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26285143</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0135429</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 1932-6203
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1932-6203
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subjects Adolescent
Adult
Analysis
Apnea
Backscattering
Blood
Blood flow
Blood Flow Velocity - physiology
Blood Pressure
Breath Holding
Breathing
Case-Control Studies
Cerebral Arteries - physiology
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebrovascular Circulation - physiology
Doppler effect
Echocardiography
EKG
Electrocardiography
Female
Flow velocity
Healthy Volunteers
Heart diseases
Heart Rate
Humans
Hypertension
I.R. radiation
Informatics
Infrared radiation
Intracranial pressure
Male
Medicine
Near infrared radiation
Oscillations
Oximetry
Physiology
Pial artery
Probes
Pulsation
Radiation
Respiration
Sleep
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorders
Subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid Space - physiology
Thorax
Ultrasonic scanners
Ultrasound
Veins & arteries
Velocity
Wavelet Analysis
Wavelet transforms
title Effect of Maximal Apnoea Easy-Going and Struggle Phases on Subarachnoid Width and Pial Artery Pulsation in Elite Breath-Hold Divers
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