Evaluation of the Retinal Vasculature in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in an Elderly Population of Irish Nuns

• Published in: PloS one 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0136434-e0136434
• Main Authors: McGowan, Amy, Silvestri, Giuliana, Moore, Evelyn, Silvestri, Vittorio, Patterson, Christopher C, Maxwell, Alexander P, McKay, Gareth J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Alcoholic beverages; Arterioles; Blood Pressure; Blood vessels; Body mass; Body mass index; Body size; Cardiovascular disease; Cerebrovascular system; Chronic kidney failure; Circulatory system; Complications and side effects; Confidence intervals; Convents; Coronary artery disease; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; Digital computers; Drugs; Female; Geriatrics; Health aspects; Health care; Health problems; Heart; Heart diseases; Hospitals; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - pathology; Image quality; Ireland; Ischemia; Kidney diseases; Kidney transplantation; Lifestyles; Macular degeneration; Microcirculation; Microvasculature; Morbidity; Nuns; Older people; Population; Prevention; Public health; Quality assessment; Refraction; Regression analysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - pathology; Retina; Retina - pathology; Retinal diseases; Retinal images; Retinal Vessels - pathology; Risk factors; Smoking; Statistical analysis; Stroke; Structure-function relationships; Studies
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136434

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are global public health problems associated with considerable morbidity, premature mortality and attendant healthcare costs. Previous studies have highlighted that non-invasive examination of the retinal microcirculation can detect microvascular pathology that is associated with systemic disorders of the circulatory system such as hypertension. We examined the associations between retinal vessel caliber (RVC) and fractal dimension (DF), with both hypertension and CKD in elderly Irish nuns. Data from 1233 participants in the cross-sectional observational Irish Nun Eye Study (INES) were assessed from digital photographs with a standardized protocol using computer-assisted software. Multivariate regression analyses were used to assess associations with hypertension and CKD, with adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), refraction, fellow eye RVC, smoking, alcohol consumption, ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), diabetes and medication use. In total, 1122 (91%) participants (mean age: 76.3 [range: 56-100] years) had gradable retinal images of sufficient quality for blood vessel assessment. Hypertension was significantly associated with a narrower central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) in a fully adjusted analysis (P = 0.002; effect size = -2.16 μm; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -3.51, -0.81 μm). No significant associations between other retinal vascular parameters and hypertension or between any retinal vascular parameters and CKD were found. Individuals with hypertension have significantly narrower retinal arterioles which may afford an earlier opportunity for tailored prevention and treatment options to optimize the structure and function of the microvasculature, providing additional clinical utility. No significant associations between retinal vascular parameters and CKD were detected.