Africa's Oesophageal Cancer Corridor: Geographic Variations in Incidence Correlate with Certain Micronutrient Deficiencies

• Published in: PloS one 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0140107
• Main Authors: Schaafsma, Torin, Wakefield, Jon, Hanisch, Rachel, Bray, Freddie, Schüz, Joachim, Joy, Edward J M, Watts, Michael J, McCormack, Valerie
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Africa - epidemiology; Alcohol; Alcohol use; Alcoholic beverages; Analysis; Bayesian analysis; Biomarkers; Calcium; Cancer; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - epidemiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - etiology; Copper; Corn; Demographic aspects; Diet; Diet therapy; Ear; Ecological monitoring; Ecological studies; Energy intake; Esophageal cancer; Esophageal Neoplasms - epidemiology; Esophageal Neoplasms - etiology; Esophagus; Female; Food; Geochemistry; Geographical variations; Health aspects; Humans; Incidence; Iodine; Iron; Magnesium; Male; Mathematical models; Micronutrients - deficiency; Middle Aged; Nutrients; Nutrition; Nutritional Status; Ranking; Risk factors; Selenium; Selenium - deficiency; Sex Distribution; Smoking; Squamous cell carcinoma; Trends; Zinc; Zinc (Nutrient); Zinc - deficiency
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140107

The aetiology of Africa's easterly-lying corridor of squamous cell oesophageal cancer is poorly understood. Micronutrient deficiencies have been implicated in this cancer in other areas of the world, but their role in Africa is unclear. Without prospective cohorts, timely insights can instead be gained through ecological studies. Across Africa we assessed associations between a country's oesophageal cancer incidence rate and food balance sheet-derived estimates of mean national dietary supplies of 7 nutrients: calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). We included 32 countries which had estimates of dietary nutrient supplies and of better-quality GLOBCAN 2012 cancer incidence rates. Bayesian hierarchical Poisson lognormal models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios for oesophageal cancer associated with each nutrient, adjusted for age, gender, energy intake, phytate, smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as their 95% posterior credible intervals (CI). Adult dietary deficiencies were quantified using an estimated average requirements (EAR) cut-point approach. Adjusted incidence rate ratios for oesophageal cancer associated with a doubling of mean nutrient supply were: for Fe 0.49 (95% CI: 0.29-0.82); Mg 0.58 (0.31-1.08); Se 0.40 (0.18-0.90); and Zn 0.29 (0.11-0.74). There were no associations with Ca, Cu and I. Mean national nutrient supplies exceeded adult EARs for Mg and Fe in most countries. For Se, mean supplies were less than EARs (both sexes) in 7 of the 10 highest oesophageal cancer ranking countries, compared to 23% of remaining countries. For Zn, mean supplies were less than the male EARs in 8 of these 10 highest ranking countries compared to in 36% of other countries. Ecological associations are consistent with the potential role of Se and/or Zn deficiencies in squamous cell oesophageal cancer in Africa. Individual-level analytical studies are needed to elucidate their causal role in this setting.