Lithium Chloride Dependent Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inactivation Links Oxidative DNA Damage, Hypertrophy and Senescence in Human Articular Chondrocytes and Reproduces Chondrocyte Phenotype of Obese Osteoarthritis Patients

• Published in: PloS one 2015-11, Vol.10 (11), p.e0143865-e0143865
• Main Authors: Guidotti, Serena, Minguzzi, Manuela, Platano, Daniela, Cattini, Luca, Trisolino, Giovanni, Mariani, Erminia, Borzì, Rosa Maria
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine; Biocompatibility; Biomedical materials; Cartilage; Cartilage diseases; Cell cycle; Cell proliferation; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Cell size; Cell Size - drug effects; Cells, Cultured; Cellular Senescence - drug effects; Chondrocytes; Chondrocytes - cytology; Chondrocytes - drug effects; Chondrocytes - pathology; Confocal microscopy; Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21; Damage assessment; Deactivation; Deoxyguanosine; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA Damage; Flow cytometry; Galactosidase; Genetic aspects; Glycogen; Glycogen synthase kinase 3; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - antagonists & inhibitors; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 - metabolism; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Glycogen synthesis; Health aspects; Humans; Hypertrophy; In vivo methods and tests; Inactivation; Indoles - pharmacology; Inflammation; Knee; Light scattering; Lithium; Lithium chloride; Lithium Chloride - pharmacology; Lithium compounds; Maleimides - pharmacology; Microscopy; Mitochondria; Obesity; Obesity - enzymology; Obesity - pathology; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis, Knee - enzymology; Osteoarthritis, Knee - pathology; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Oxygen; Patients; Phenotypes; Phosphorylation - drug effects; Reactive oxygen species; S phase; Senescence; Staining; Stromelysin 2; β-Galactosidase
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143865

Recent evidence suggests that GSK3 activity is chondroprotective in osteoarthritis (OA), but at the same time, its inactivation has been proposed as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic option. Here we evaluated the extent of GSK3β inactivation in vivo in OA knee cartilage and the molecular events downstream GSK3β inactivation in vitro to assess their contribution to cell senescence and hypertrophy. In vivo level of phosphorylated GSK3β was analyzed in cartilage and oxidative damage was assessed by 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine staining. The in vitro effects of GSK3β inactivation (using either LiCl or SB216763) were evaluated on proliferating primary human chondrocytes by combined confocal microscopy analysis of Mitotracker staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate staining). Downstream effects on DNA damage and senescence were investigated by western blot (γH2AX, GADD45β and p21), flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle and light scattering properties, quantitative assessment of senescence associated β galactosidase activity, and PAS staining. In vivo chondrocytes from obese OA patients showed higher levels of phosphorylated GSK3β, oxidative damage and expression of GADD45β and p21, in comparison with chondrocytes of nonobese OA patients. LiCl mediated GSK3β inactivation in vitro resulted in increased mitochondrial ROS production, responsible for reduced cell proliferation, S phase transient arrest, and increase in cell senescence, size and granularity. Collectively, western blot data supported the occurrence of a DNA damage response leading to cellular senescence with increase in γH2AX, GADD45β and p21. Moreover, LiCl boosted 8-oxo-dG staining, expression of IKKα and MMP-10. In articular chondrocytes, GSK3β activity is required for the maintenance of proliferative potential and phenotype. Conversely, GSK3β inactivation, although preserving chondrocyte survival, results in functional impairment via induction of hypertrophy and senescence. Indeed, GSK3β inactivation is responsible for ROS production, triggering oxidative stress and DNA damage response.