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Effect of Mild Thyrotoxicosis on Performance and Brain Activations in a Working Memory Task
Disturbed levels of thyroid hormones are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including memory impairments. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of mild induced thyrotoxicosis on working memory and its neural correlates. Twenty-nine healthy, male subjects with normal thyroid state pa...
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| Published in: | PloS one 2016-08, Vol.11 (8), p.e0161552-e0161552 |
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| description | Disturbed levels of thyroid hormones are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including memory impairments. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of mild induced thyrotoxicosis on working memory and its neural correlates.
Twenty-nine healthy, male subjects with normal thyroid state participated in the study. Functional MRI was acquired during a working memory task (n-back task) before and after ingesting 250 μg L-thyroxin per day for a period of eight weeks. In addition, neuropsychological tests were performed.
In the hyperthyroid condition the subjects showed slower reaction times, but a higher accuracy in the 0-back version of the memory tasks. Fewer differences between euthyroid and hyperthyroid state were seen for the more difficult conditions of the n-back task. FMRI revealed effects of difficulty in the parahippocampal gyrus, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cerebellum, rolandic operculum and insula (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0161552 |
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Twenty-nine healthy, male subjects with normal thyroid state participated in the study. Functional MRI was acquired during a working memory task (n-back task) before and after ingesting 250 μg L-thyroxin per day for a period of eight weeks. In addition, neuropsychological tests were performed.
In the hyperthyroid condition the subjects showed slower reaction times, but a higher accuracy in the 0-back version of the memory tasks. Fewer differences between euthyroid and hyperthyroid state were seen for the more difficult conditions of the n-back task. FMRI revealed effects of difficulty in the parahippocampal gyrus, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cerebellum, rolandic operculum and insula (p<0.05, FWE corrected). When comparing euthyroid and hyperthyroid condition in relation to task-induced activation, differences of activation were found in the right prefrontal cortex as well as in the right parahippocampal area. In the psychological assessment, the alerting effect in the Attention Network Task (ANT) and four out of five parameters of the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) showed an increase from euthyroid to hyperthyroid state.
It can be concluded that even a short-term intake of thyroid hormones leads to an activation of brain areas associated with working memory and to an improvement of accuracy of working memory tasks.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161552</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27536945</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Activation ; Adult ; Attention task ; Auditory discrimination learning ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Brain ; Brain - diagnostic imaging ; Brain - drug effects ; Brain - physiopathology ; Brain mapping ; Brain research ; Cerebellum ; Cognition & reasoning ; Cognitive ability ; Complications and side effects ; Cortex (auditory) ; Cortex (cingulate) ; Cortex (motor) ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Functional magnetic resonance imaging ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Genetics ; Hormones ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hypothyroidism ; Internal medicine ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Memory ; Memory tasks ; Memory, Short-Term - drug effects ; Memory, Short-Term - physiology ; Mental disorders ; Mental task performance ; Middle Aged ; Nervous system diseases ; Neurology ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Operculum ; Parahippocampal gyrus ; Physiological aspects ; Prefrontal cortex ; Psychological aspects ; Psychological assessment ; Reaction Time - drug effects ; Reaction Time - physiology ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Risk factors ; Short term memory ; Social Sciences ; Supplementary motor area ; Thyroid ; Thyroid diseases ; Thyroid gland ; Thyroid hormones ; Thyrotoxicosis ; Thyrotoxicosis - physiopathology ; Thyroxine ; Thyroxine - administration & dosage ; Thyroxine - pharmacology ; Trends ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-08, Vol.11 (8), p.e0161552-e0161552</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Göbel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2016 Göbel et al 2016 Göbel et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-f1fc3ad974106035aef1b6067cf273b3eec7210dcbcb42b27b83b00f90e096a43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-f1fc3ad974106035aef1b6067cf273b3eec7210dcbcb42b27b83b00f90e096a43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1812824041/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1812824041?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25752,27923,27924,37011,37012,44589,53790,53792,74897</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27536945$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Walter, Martin</contributor><creatorcontrib>Göbel, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heldmann, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Göttlich, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dirk, Anna-Luise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brabant, Georg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Münte, Thomas F</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Mild Thyrotoxicosis on Performance and Brain Activations in a Working Memory Task</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Disturbed levels of thyroid hormones are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including memory impairments. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of mild induced thyrotoxicosis on working memory and its neural correlates.
Twenty-nine healthy, male subjects with normal thyroid state participated in the study. Functional MRI was acquired during a working memory task (n-back task) before and after ingesting 250 μg L-thyroxin per day for a period of eight weeks. In addition, neuropsychological tests were performed.
In the hyperthyroid condition the subjects showed slower reaction times, but a higher accuracy in the 0-back version of the memory tasks. Fewer differences between euthyroid and hyperthyroid state were seen for the more difficult conditions of the n-back task. FMRI revealed effects of difficulty in the parahippocampal gyrus, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cerebellum, rolandic operculum and insula (p<0.05, FWE corrected). When comparing euthyroid and hyperthyroid condition in relation to task-induced activation, differences of activation were found in the right prefrontal cortex as well as in the right parahippocampal area. In the psychological assessment, the alerting effect in the Attention Network Task (ANT) and four out of five parameters of the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) showed an increase from euthyroid to hyperthyroid state.
It can be concluded that even a short-term intake of thyroid hormones leads to an activation of brain areas associated with working memory and to an improvement of accuracy of working memory tasks.</description><subject>Activation</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Attention task</subject><subject>Auditory discrimination learning</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Brain - drug effects</subject><subject>Brain - physiopathology</subject><subject>Brain mapping</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cerebellum</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Complications and side effects</subject><subject>Cortex (auditory)</subject><subject>Cortex (cingulate)</subject><subject>Cortex (motor)</subject><subject>Drug Administration Schedule</subject><subject>Functional magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Functional Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperthyroidism</subject><subject>Hypothyroidism</subject><subject>Internal medicine</subject><subject>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Memory</subject><subject>Memory tasks</subject><subject>Memory, Short-Term - drug effects</subject><subject>Memory, Short-Term - physiology</subject><subject>Mental disorders</subject><subject>Mental task performance</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nervous system diseases</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neuropsychological Tests</subject><subject>Operculum</subject><subject>Parahippocampal gyrus</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Prefrontal cortex</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Psychological assessment</subject><subject>Reaction Time - drug effects</subject><subject>Reaction Time - physiology</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Short term memory</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Supplementary motor area</subject><subject>Thyroid</subject><subject>Thyroid diseases</subject><subject>Thyroid gland</subject><subject>Thyroid hormones</subject><subject>Thyrotoxicosis</subject><subject>Thyrotoxicosis - physiopathology</subject><subject>Thyroxine</subject><subject>Thyroxine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Thyroxine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2016</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk99v0zAQxyMEYmPwHyCwhITgocW_4sQvSGUaUGnTEBR44MFyHLt1l9jFTqb1v8dts6lFk0B-sH3-3NfnO1-WPUdwjEiB3i19H5xsxivv9BgihvIcP8iOESd4xDAkD_fWR9mTGJcQ5qRk7HF2hIucME7z4-zXmTFadcAbcGGbGswW6-A7f2OVjzYC78AXHYwPrXRKA-lq8CFI68BEdfZadta7CNJWgp8-XFk3Bxe69WENZjJePc0eGdlE_WyYT7LvH89mp59H55efpqeT85EqcN6NDDKKyJoXFEEGSS61QRWDrFAGF6QiWicOwVpVqqK4wkVVkgpCw6GGnElKTrKXO91V46MY8hIFKhEuMYUUJWK6I2ovl2IVbCvDWnhpxdbgw1zI0FnVaFGZ0pQ4Z2XJOa2M4VwbCAtIC1UUKWVJ6_1wW1-1ulbadUE2B6KHJ84uxNxfC8r5JpYk8GYQCP53r2MnWhuVbhrptO-3ceeMY7yN-58oLkuGyQZ99Rd6fyIGai7TW60zPoWoNqJiQhmChDLGEjW-h0qj1m36GE4bm-wHDm8PHBLT6ZtuLvsYxfTb1_9nL38csq_32IWWTbeIvum3_-4QpDtQBR9j0OauHgiKTbvcZkNs2kUM7ZLcXuzX8s7ptj_IH4okDdY</recordid><startdate>20160818</startdate><enddate>20160818</enddate><creator>Göbel, Anna</creator><creator>Heldmann, Marcus</creator><creator>Göttlich, Martin</creator><creator>Dirk, Anna-Luise</creator><creator>Brabant, Georg</creator><creator>Münte, Thomas F</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20160818</creationdate><title>Effect of Mild Thyrotoxicosis on Performance and Brain Activations in a Working Memory Task</title><author>Göbel, Anna ; Heldmann, Marcus ; Göttlich, Martin ; Dirk, Anna-Luise ; Brabant, Georg ; Münte, Thomas F</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-f1fc3ad974106035aef1b6067cf273b3eec7210dcbcb42b27b83b00f90e096a43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2016</creationdate><topic>Activation</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Attention task</topic><topic>Auditory discrimination learning</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Brain - drug effects</topic><topic>Brain - physiopathology</topic><topic>Brain mapping</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Cerebellum</topic><topic>Cognition & reasoning</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>Complications and side effects</topic><topic>Cortex (auditory)</topic><topic>Cortex (cingulate)</topic><topic>Cortex (motor)</topic><topic>Drug Administration Schedule</topic><topic>Functional magnetic resonance imaging</topic><topic>Functional Neuroimaging</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Hormones</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperthyroidism</topic><topic>Hypothyroidism</topic><topic>Internal medicine</topic><topic>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Memory</topic><topic>Memory tasks</topic><topic>Memory, Short-Term - drug effects</topic><topic>Memory, Short-Term - physiology</topic><topic>Mental disorders</topic><topic>Mental task performance</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nervous system diseases</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neuropsychological Tests</topic><topic>Operculum</topic><topic>Parahippocampal gyrus</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Prefrontal cortex</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Psychological assessment</topic><topic>Reaction Time - drug effects</topic><topic>Reaction Time - physiology</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Short term memory</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Supplementary motor area</topic><topic>Thyroid</topic><topic>Thyroid diseases</topic><topic>Thyroid gland</topic><topic>Thyroid hormones</topic><topic>Thyrotoxicosis</topic><topic>Thyrotoxicosis - physiopathology</topic><topic>Thyroxine</topic><topic>Thyroxine - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Thyroxine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Göbel, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heldmann, Marcus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Göttlich, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dirk, Anna-Luise</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brabant, Georg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Münte, Thomas F</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Göbel, Anna</au><au>Heldmann, Marcus</au><au>Göttlich, Martin</au><au>Dirk, Anna-Luise</au><au>Brabant, Georg</au><au>Münte, Thomas F</au><au>Walter, Martin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Mild Thyrotoxicosis on Performance and Brain Activations in a Working Memory Task</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-08-18</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e0161552</spage><epage>e0161552</epage><pages>e0161552-e0161552</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Disturbed levels of thyroid hormones are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including memory impairments. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of mild induced thyrotoxicosis on working memory and its neural correlates.
Twenty-nine healthy, male subjects with normal thyroid state participated in the study. Functional MRI was acquired during a working memory task (n-back task) before and after ingesting 250 μg L-thyroxin per day for a period of eight weeks. In addition, neuropsychological tests were performed.
In the hyperthyroid condition the subjects showed slower reaction times, but a higher accuracy in the 0-back version of the memory tasks. Fewer differences between euthyroid and hyperthyroid state were seen for the more difficult conditions of the n-back task. FMRI revealed effects of difficulty in the parahippocampal gyrus, supplementary motor area, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cerebellum, rolandic operculum and insula (p<0.05, FWE corrected). When comparing euthyroid and hyperthyroid condition in relation to task-induced activation, differences of activation were found in the right prefrontal cortex as well as in the right parahippocampal area. In the psychological assessment, the alerting effect in the Attention Network Task (ANT) and four out of five parameters of the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) showed an increase from euthyroid to hyperthyroid state.
It can be concluded that even a short-term intake of thyroid hormones leads to an activation of brain areas associated with working memory and to an improvement of accuracy of working memory tasks.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27536945</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0161552</doi><tpages>e0161552</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2016-08, Vol.11 (8), p.e0161552-e0161552 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1812824041 |
| source | Publicly Available Content Database; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Activation Adult Attention task Auditory discrimination learning Biology and Life Sciences Brain Brain - diagnostic imaging Brain - drug effects Brain - physiopathology Brain mapping Brain research Cerebellum Cognition & reasoning Cognitive ability Complications and side effects Cortex (auditory) Cortex (cingulate) Cortex (motor) Drug Administration Schedule Functional magnetic resonance imaging Functional Neuroimaging Genetics Hormones Humans Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Internal medicine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical imaging Medicine and Health Sciences Memory Memory tasks Memory, Short-Term - drug effects Memory, Short-Term - physiology Mental disorders Mental task performance Middle Aged Nervous system diseases Neurology Neuropsychological Tests Operculum Parahippocampal gyrus Physiological aspects Prefrontal cortex Psychological aspects Psychological assessment Reaction Time - drug effects Reaction Time - physiology Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Short term memory Social Sciences Supplementary motor area Thyroid Thyroid diseases Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones Thyrotoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis - physiopathology Thyroxine Thyroxine - administration & dosage Thyroxine - pharmacology Trends Young Adult |
| title | Effect of Mild Thyrotoxicosis on Performance and Brain Activations in a Working Memory Task |
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