Short-Term Responses of Soil Respiration and C-Cycle Enzyme Activities to Additions of Biochar and Urea in a Calcareous Soil

• Published in: PloS one 2016-09, Vol.11 (9), p.e0161694-e0161694
• Main Authors: Song, Dali, Xi, Xiangyin, Huang, Shaomin, Liang, Guoqing, Sun, Jingwen, Zhou, Wei, Wang, Xiubin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agriculture; Biology and Life Sciences; Calcareous soils; Carbon - analysis; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide emissions; Carbon/nitrogen ratio; Charcoal; Crop production; Decomposition; Dissolved organic carbon; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Ecosystem biology; Ecosystems; Efficiency; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; Environmental aspects; Environmental impact; Enzymatic activity; Enzymes; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Incubation; Mineralization; Molecular biology; Nitrogen; Nitrogen - analysis; Nutrient cycles; Nutrients; Nutrition; Organic carbon; Organic soils; pH effects; Phenoloxidase; Phenols; Physical Sciences; Plant protection; Respiration; Short term; Soil - chemistry; Soil fertility; Soil improvement; Soil investigations; Soil nutrients; Soil pH; Soil respiration; Soil stabilization; Soils; Studies; Total organic carbon; Urea; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161694

Biochar (BC) addition to soil is a proposed strategy to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there is limited knowledge regarding responses of soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities to BC and nitrogen (N) additions in a calcareous soil. A 56-day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of BC addition rates (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% by mass) and urea (U) application on soil nutrients, soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities in a calcareous soil in the North China Plain. Our results showed soil pH values in both U-only and U plus BC treatments significantly decreased within the first 14 days and then stabilized, and CO2emission rate in all U plus BC soils decreased exponentially, while there was no significant difference in the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio in each treatment over time. At each incubation time, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TOC, TN, C/N ratio, DOC and cumulative CO2 emission significantly increased with increasing BC addition rate, while soil potential activities of the four hydrolytic enzymes increased first and then decreased with increasing BC addition rate, with the largest values in the U + 1.0%BC treatment. However, phenol oxidase activity in all U plus BC soils showed a decreasing trend with the increase of BC addition rate. Our results suggest that U plus BC application at a rate of 1% promotes increases in hydrolytic enzymes, does not highly increase C/N and C mineralization, and can improve in soil fertility.