Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Gastric Cancer Risk among Vietnamese Men

• Published in: PloS one 2016-11, Vol.11 (11), p.e0165587-e0165587
• Main Authors: Lai, Hang Thi Minh, Koriyama, Chihaya, Tokudome, Shinkan, Tran, Hoc Hieu, Tran, Long Thanh, Nandakumar, Athira, Akiba, Suminori, Le, Ngoan Tran
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Aged; Alcohol; Alcohol Drinking - adverse effects; Alcohol use; Alcohols; Biology and Life Sciences; Cancer; Cancer research; Carbon monoxide; Carcinogens; Case-Control Studies; Charcoal; Cigarette smoking; Cigarettes; Citrus; Citrus - metabolism; Confidence intervals; Consumption; Control methods; Diet, Healthy; Disease control; Drinking behavior; Epidemiology; Food intake; Fruit - metabolism; Fruits; Gastric cancer; Gastric Mucosa - metabolism; Habits; Health aspects; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Helicobacter pylori; Hospital patients; Hospitals; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Maximum likelihood estimates; Medicine and Health Sciences; Men; Middle Aged; People and Places; Prevention; Preventive medicine; Protective Factors; Regression analysis; Regression models; Risk; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking - adverse effects; Socioeconomic Factors; Statistical analysis; Stomach - pathology; Stomach cancer; Stomach Neoplasms - diagnosis; Stomach Neoplasms - etiology; Stomach Neoplasms - metabolism; Studies; Tobacco; Tobacco smoking; University graduates; Vegetables; Vegetables - metabolism; Vietnam - epidemiology; Water pipes
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165587

The association of waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking with gastric cancer (GC) risk was suggested. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to examine the association of WPT with GC risk among Vietnamese men, in Hanoi city, during the period of 2003-2011. Newly-diagnosed GC cases (n = 454) and control patients (n = 628) were matched by age (+/- 5 years) and the year of hospitalization. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and diet including salty food intake and fruits/vegetables consumption were obtained by the interview. Maximum likelihood estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were obtained using conditional logistic regression models. The group with the highest consumption of citrus fruits showed a significantly low GC risk (OR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4-0.8, P for trend = 0.002). However, there was no association of raw vegetable consumption with GC risk. Referring to never smokers, GC risk was significantly higher in current WPT smokers (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.3-2.4), and it was more evident in exclusively WPT smokers (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2-6.5). GC risk tended to be higher with daily frequency and longer duration of WPT smoking but these trends were not statistically significant (P for trend: 0.144 and 0.154, respectively). GC risk of those who started smoking WPT before the age of 25 was also significantly high (OR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.2-11.3). Neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol drinking was related to GC risk. The present findings revealed that WPT smoking was positively associated with GC risk in Vietnamese men.