Analysis of Balance during Functional Walking in Stroke Survivors

• Published in: PloS one 2016-11, Vol.11 (11), p.e0166789-e0166789
• Main Authors: van Meulen, Fokke B, Weenk, Dirk, van Asseldonk, Edwin H F, Schepers, H Martin, Veltink, Peter H, Buurke, Jaap H
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Analysis; Archives & records; Balance; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomedical engineering; Correlation analysis; Engineering; Evaluation; Evidence-based medicine; Feet; Female; Gait - physiology; Humans; Instruments (Equipment); Kinematics; Kinetics; Male; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Middle Aged; Physical Sciences; Position measurement; Postural Balance - physiology; R&D; Rehabilitation; Research & development; Restoration; Sensors; Stroke; Stroke - physiopathology; Stroke patients; Survivors; Systems design; Ultrasonic imaging; Velocity; Walking; Walking - physiology
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166789

An important objective of rehabilitation care is to regain adequate balance function to safely ambulate in community. However, in rehabilitation practice, it remains unclear if a stroke survivor functionally recovers by restitution or by learning to compensate for the lack of restoration of body function. Aim of this study is to propose and evaluate methods for the objective evaluation of balance during functional walking in stroke survivors. Stroke survivors performed twice a Timed "Up & Go" (TUG) test. Ground reaction forces and position changes of both feet were measured using instrumented shoes and used to estimate the position of the center of mass (CoM). Balance control and efficiency metrics were defined to evaluate functional walking under variable conditions. Metrics were corrected based on the instantaneous velocity direction of CoM. Intra- and inter-participant variations for different phases of the TUG test were examined. Metrics were related to the Berg balance scale (BBS). Participants with higher BBS scores show a more efficient walking pattern. Their walking velocity and walking direction is less variable and they are more frequently unstable when walking in a straight line or when turning. Furthermore, the less affected participants are able to move their CoM more towards their affected side. We developed and demonstrated a method to assess walking balance of stroke survivors. System design and evaluation methods allow balance evaluation during functional walking in daily life. Some presented metrics show correlations with BBS scores. Clear inter- and intra-patient variations in metric values are present that cannot be explained by BBS scores, which supports the additional value of the presented system. Presented methods may be used for objective evaluation of restitution and compensation of walking balance and have a potential application in individual evidence-based therapy.