Spatiotemporal characteristics of gaze of children with autism spectrum disorders while looking at classroom scenes

• Published in: PloS one 2017-05, Vol.12 (5), p.e0175912-e0175912
• Main Authors: Higuchi, Takahiro, Ishizaki, Yuko, Noritake, Atsushi, Yanagimoto, Yoshitoki, Kobayashi, Hodaka, Nakamura, Kae, Kaneko, Kazunari
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescents; Adults; Age; Analysis; Attention; Autism; Autism Spectrum Disorder - physiopathology; Autistic children; Automobiles; Biology and Life Sciences; Brain; Case-Control Studies; Child; Children; Classification; Classrooms; Cognitive ability; Colleges & universities; Communication; Cues; Cut-off; Developmental disabilities; Diagnosis; Disabilities; Disorders; Emotions; Eye; Eye movements; Female; Finger; Fixation, Ocular; Gaze; Health aspects; Human spatial behavior; Humans; Infants; Intellectual disabilities; Intelligence; Intervention; Literature reviews; Male; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mental disorders; Motor skill learning; Neural networks; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Neurosciences; Noise; Pediatrics; People and Places; Physical Sciences; Physiology; Psychiatry; Psychology; Quality; Quality of life; Reliability; Scanning; Sensitivity; Social Sciences; Speech; Tactile stimuli; Verbal communication; Visual perception; Visual stimuli; Williams syndrome
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175912

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who have neurodevelopmental impairments in social communication often refuse to go to school because of difficulties in learning in class. The exact cause of maladaptation to school in such children is unknown. We hypothesized that these children have difficulty in paying attention to objects at which teachers are pointing. We performed gaze behavior analysis of children with ASD to understand their difficulties in the classroom. The subjects were 26 children with ASD (19 boys and 7 girls; mean age, 8.6 years) and 27 age-matched children with typical development (TD) (14 boys and 13 girls; mean age, 8.2 years). We measured eye movements of the children while they performed free viewing of two movies depicting actual classes: a Japanese class in which a teacher pointed at cartoon characters and an arithmetic class in which the teacher pointed at geometric figures. In the analysis, we defined the regions of interest (ROIs) as the teacher's face and finger, the cartoon characters and geometric figures at which the teacher pointed, and the classroom wall that contained no objects. We then compared total gaze time for each ROI between the children with ASD and TD by two-way ANOVA. Children with ASD spent less gaze time on the cartoon characters pointed at by the teacher; they spent more gaze time on the wall in both classroom scenes. We could differentiate children with ASD from those with TD almost perfectly by the proportion of total gaze time that children with ASD spent looking at the wall. These results suggest that children with ASD do not follow the teacher's instructions in class and persist in gazing at inappropriate visual areas such as walls. Thus, they may have difficulties in understanding content in class, leading to maladaptation to school.